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10-Inductors

Inductors are passive components that store energy in a magnetic field and are commonly used in various electrical devices. They exhibit inductance, which opposes changes in current, and their behavior in circuits can be analyzed using Kirchhoff's laws. The document also covers the calculation of inductance in solenoids, RL circuits, and equivalent inductance in series and parallel configurations.

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10 views22 pages

10-Inductors

Inductors are passive components that store energy in a magnetic field and are commonly used in various electrical devices. They exhibit inductance, which opposes changes in current, and their behavior in circuits can be analyzed using Kirchhoff's laws. The document also covers the calculation of inductance in solenoids, RL circuits, and equivalent inductance in series and parallel configurations.

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Inductors

Instructor:
Engr. Tomashita P. Arenas
Inductors
 a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic
field.

An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc.

used in power supplies, transformers, radios, TVs, radars,


and electric motors.

An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.


 the voltage across the inductor is directly proportional to the
time rate of change of the current.

 Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits


opposition to the change of current flowing through it, measured
in henrys (H).

The current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously.

 for the inductor (solenoid)


Induction
 Faraday’s Law: A changing magnetic flux
through a coil of wire induces an EMF in   N d B
the wire, proportional to the number of dt
turns, N.

 Lenz’s Law: The direction of the current


driven by the EMF is such that it creates
a magnetic field to oppose the flux
change.

 
 Induction and energy transfer: The forces P F v Fv
on the loop oppose the motion of the
loop, and the power required to move P i
the loop provides the electrical power in
the loop.
  d B
 E ds  N
 A changing magnetic field creates and dt
electric field.
Induction and Inductance
• When we try to run a current through
a coil of wire, the changing current
induces a “back-EMF” that opposes
the current.

• That is because the changing current


creates a changing magnetic field, and
the increasing magnetic flux through
the coils of wire induce an opposing
EMF.
Inductance units: henry (H), 1 H = 1 T-m2/A
• It describes the proportionality
between the current through a coil
and the magnetic flux induced in it.
L  N B Inductance
i
q
C
V
Inductance of a Solenoid
• Consider a solenoid. Recall that the magnetic field inside a solenoid is
B  0in

 B B dA  0inA


• TheNumber
magnetic flux through
of turns per unitthe solenoid
length is then
n = N/l.
N B N 0inA
L  nl 0 nA  0 n 2lA
• The inductance of the solenoid is then: i i

0 N 2 A 0 A
L  Compare with capacitance of a capacitor C 
• Note that this depends only on the geometry. Since N = nl, this can also be written
l l

Can also write m0= 4p ×10-7 H/m = 1.257 mH/m

Compare with e0 = 8.85 pF/m


Inductors in Circuits—The RL
Circuit
• Inductors, or coils, are common in
electrical circuits.
• They are made by wrapping insulated wire
around a core, and their main use is in
resonant circuits, or filter circuits.
• Consider the RL circuit, where a battery
with EMF e drives a current around the
loop, producing a back EMF eL in the
inductor.
• Kirchoff’s loop rule gives
  iR  L di 0
dt
• Solving this differential equation for i gives


i  (1  e  Rt / L ) Rise of current
R
RL Circuits 
i  (1  e  Rt / L )
• When t is large: i
 Inductor acts like a wire. R
R
Inductor acts like an open
• When t is small (zero), i = 0. circuit.

• The current starts from zero and increases


i  / R
up to a maximum of with a time
constant given by
L
L  Inductor time constant
R
Compare:  C RC Capacitor time constant

VR iR  (1  e  Rt / L )
• The voltage across the resistor is
VL across
• The voltage  inductor
the
 VR   (1  e isRt / L )  e  Rt / L
RL Circuits
 What happens when the switch is thrown
from a to b?
 Kirchoff’s Loop Rule was:

  iR  L di 0
dt
di
Now it is: iR  L 0
dt

The decay of the current,


 then, is given by
i e  Rt / L
Decay of current
R

VR iR  e  Rt / L
Voltage across resistor:

 L
di
Voltage acrossVinductor:  L
 d e  Rt / L   e  Rt / L
L
dt R dt
Examples
The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) = 10te−5t A. Find the
voltage across the inductor and the energy stored in it.

Solution:
Examples
Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage across it is
v(t) ={ 30t 2, t>0
{ 0, t< 0
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5 s.

Solution:
Examples
Consider the circuit. Under dc conditions, find: (a) i, vC, and iL, (b)
the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor.

Solution:

(a)

(b)
Practice Problems
1. If the current through a 1-mH inductor is i(t) = 20
cos 100t mA, find the terminal voltage and the energy
stored.

2. The terminal voltage of a 2-H inductor is v =


10(1−t)V. Find the current flowing through it at t = 4 s
and the energy stored in it within 0 < t < 4 s. Assume
i(0) = 2 A.

3. Determine vC, iL, and the energy stored in the


capacitor and inductor in the circuit under dc
conditions.
SERIES AND PARALLEL INDUCTORS
 The equivalent inductance of series-connected inductors
is the sum of the individual inductances.

The equivalent inductance of parallel inductors is the reciprocal


of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual inductances.
Examples
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit.

Solution:
Examples
For the circuit, i(t) = 4(2 − e−10t ) mA. If i2(0) = −1 mA,
find: (a) i1(0); (b) v(t), v1(t), and v2(t); (c) i1(t) and i2(t).

Solution:

(a)

(b)
Solution:

(c)
Practice Problems

1. Calculate the equivalent inductance for the


inductive ladder network

In the circuit given that i1(t) = 0.6e−2t A. If i(0) =


2. 1.4 A, find: (a) i2(0); (b) i2(t) and i(t); (c) v(t), v1(t),
and v2(t).
Quiz
1. If the voltage across a 5-F capacitor is 2te−3t V, find the current and the power.

2. A 40-μF capacitor is charged to 120 V and is then allowed to discharge to 80 V. How


much energy is lost?

3. Find Ceq for the circuit.

4. Calculate the equivalent capacitance for the circuit. All capacitances are in mF.
Quiz
5. Determine the equivalent capacitance at terminals a-b of the circuit.

6. The current through a 10-mH inductor is 6e−t/2 A. Find the voltage and the power at
t = 3 s.

7. Find vC, iL, and the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor in the circuit under
dc conditions.
Quiz
8. Obtain Leq for the inductive circuit. All inductances are in mH.

9. Determine Leq at terminals a-b of the circuit.

10. Find Leq in the circuit.

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