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Calibration is the process of comparing an instrument's measurements to known standards to ensure accuracy and reliability, which is essential for quality control across various industries. It involves procedures such as comparison with primary and secondary standards, as well as direct calibration with known input sources. Additionally, statistical analysis plays a key role in understanding measurement data, while distributions like Binomial and Poisson are used to model outcomes in experiments and events occurring over time.

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3 views50 pages

UNIT-1_2

Calibration is the process of comparing an instrument's measurements to known standards to ensure accuracy and reliability, which is essential for quality control across various industries. It involves procedures such as comparison with primary and secondary standards, as well as direct calibration with known input sources. Additionally, statistical analysis plays a key role in understanding measurement data, while distributions like Binomial and Poisson are used to model outcomes in experiments and events occurring over time.

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bo.krisbhaskar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Calibration

Calibration is the process of comparing an instrument's


measurements to a known standard to ensure accuracy and
reliability. This practice is crucial across various industries to
maintain measurement precision and consistency.
Why is Calibration Important?

Ensures Accuracy: Calibration aligns instruments with recognized


standards, minimizing measurement errors and enhancing data
reliability.

Maintains Consistency: Regular calibration ensures consistent


performance over time, which is vital for quality control and compliance
with industry regulations.
Calibration Procedures

Comparison with a Primary Standard: Utilizing a national or international standard


maintained by organizations like the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) to calibrate instruments.

Comparison with a Secondary Standard: Using a standard of higher accuracy than


the instrument being calibrated. For example, calibrating a flowmeter by comparing it
with another flowmeter of known accuracy.

Direct Calibration with a Known Input Source: Applying a known input to the
instrument and adjusting its output to match the expected result. For instance,
weighing a specific amount of water and measuring the time it takes to flow through a
meter to calibrate a flowmeter.
Reading: Individual measurement taken from an instrument.

Mean (Average): The central value of a dataset.

Deviation: Difference between an individual reading and the mean.

Variance: The measure of spread in a dataset.

Standard Deviation: The root-mean-square of deviations from the mean.

Median: The middle value when data is arranged in order.


Importance of Statistical Analysis
• Helps in identifying trends and patterns.
• Reduces the impact of measurement errors.
• Provides a reliable summary of experimental results.
CALCULATION OF POPULATION VARIABLES. The following readings are taken of a certain
physical length. Compute the mean reading, standard deviation, variance, and average of the
absolute value of the deviation, using the “biased” basis:
SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION. Calculate the best estimate of standard deviation for the data
of based on the “sample” or unbiased basis.
Binomial Distribution
The Binomial Distribution is used when there are only two
possible outcomes in an experiment: success or failure. It is
used when we perform a fixed number of independent trials.
Example:
Imagine you are flipping a coin 5 times, and you want to find
the probability of getting exactly 3 heads.
Each flip is independent.
The probability of getting heads (success) is 0.5.
The probability of getting tails (failure) is 0.5.
The total number of flips (trials) is 5.
When to use Binomial Distribution?

•When you repeat an experiment a fixed number of

times.

•Each trial is independent.

•The probability of success remains constant for each trial.


The Poisson Distribution is used to model the number of times an
event happens in a fixed interval of time or space when the events
occur randomly and independently.

Example:
Suppose a bakery receives 10 customers per hour on average. You
want to find the probability that exactly 12 customers will arrive in
the next hour.
Here, events (customer arrivals) happen randomly.
The average rate of arrivals is 10 per hour.
When to use Poisson Distribution?

•When events happen randomly over time or space.

•When the average rate of occurrence is known but individual

occurrences are unpredictable.

•There is no fixed number of trials, unlike the Binomial

distribution.

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