Paradigm Shift in

History and industrial

revolution in Science
Technology
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What is Paradigm Shift?
The term paradigm shift refers to a major
change in the worldview, concepts, and
practices of how something works or is
accomplished. A paradigm shift can
happen within a wide variety of contexts
from scientific research to industry.
 Who Came Up With
the Idea of Paradigm
Shifts
The term “paradigm shift” was coined
by the American philosopher Thomas
Kuhn (1922- 1996). It is one of the
central concepts in his hugely influential
work, "The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions," published in 1962.
Paradigm shifts happen by trickles of
questioning and then in a flood of
changes. Thomas Kuhn believed
scientific research stays within a certain
subset of beliefs (a scientific paradigm)
most of the time.
 - Kuhn argues that paradigms change
in scientific revolutions.
- Scientists go through a crisis and
transition to a new paradigm, a new
way of seeing the world.
 Historical Examples of
Paradigm Shift across the Fields
 Society / Ethics
· slavery is acceptable to now slavery
being unacceptable
· role of children in society - child labor
was, now is not acceptable
· male superiority - beating wives was,
now is not acceptable
 Natural Sciences
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• plate tectonics— create a physical
model of the earth's structure
 Human Sciences
• Psychology: Sigmund Freud—we are not fully in control
of our behaviour—a subconscious part operate
• Economics— government intervention in economy is
now accepted.
 The Arts
• The Realist paradigm - the purpose of art is to copy
reality.
• Shakespeare's impact on drama / theatre
• Jazz and Rock revolutionizing music
The Steps of the Kuhn
Cycle
The Kuhn Cycle
- a simple cycle of progress described in
his book in which Kuhn challenged the
world's current conception of Science,
which was that it was a steady
progression of the accumulation of new
ideas.
What Are the Stages Leading
to a Paradigm Shift?
According to Kuhn, Science
proceeds in the following.
• Pre-paradigmatic science
• Normal science
• Accumulation of anomalies
• Crisis
• Establishment of a new
paradigm
 1. Ø Pre-Science
- also called the pre- paradigm stage or the pre-step to the
main Kuhn Cycle.
- there is not yet a model of understanding (the field's
paradigm) mature enough to solve the
field's main problems.
- the field has no workable paradigm to successfully guide
its work.
 2. Ø Normal Science
- the regular work of scientists theorizing, observing, and
experimenting within a settled
paradigm or explanatory framework.
- where the field has a scientifically based model of
understanding (a paradigm) that works.

.
3. ØModel Drift

• the model of understanding starts to drift, due to

accumulation of anomalies, and phenomenon, the model
cannot explain.
 4. Ø Model Crisis
- the most important step of them
- drift becomes so excessive the model is broken
- can no longer serve as a reliable guide to problem
solving
- attempts to patch the model up to make it work fail
and the field is in anguish.
 5. Ø Model Revolution
- begins when serious candidates for a new model
emerge. .
- a field's model of understanding is undergoing
revolutionary and the old model failed, which caused the
Model Crisis step.

- the Model Revolution step begins when one or more

competing new models emerge from
the crisis.
6. Ø Paradigm Change
- also called a paradigm shift
- earlier steps have created the new model of
understanding (the new paradigm)
- the new paradigm is taught to newcomers to the
field, as well as to those already in it.
- when the new paradigm becomes the generally
accepted guide to one's work, the step is
complete.
Inventors and Inventions of the
Industrial Revolution
What is Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the
transition from creating goods by
hand to using machines.
 It has been said that the Industrial
Revolution was the most profound
revolution in human history, because of
its sweeping impact on people’s daily
lives.
 The technological revolution, and
that sense of ever-quickening
change, began much earlier than
the 18th century and has continued
all the way to the present day
Who first discovered The
Industrial Revolution
 The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of
the technological and architectural innovations were of British
origin. By the mid-18th century, Britain was the world's leading
commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with
colonies in North America and the Caribbean.
 Steam Engine Queens Mill
The use of steam-powered machines in
cotton production pushed Britain’s
economic development from 1750 to
1850. Built more than 100 years ago, this
steam engine still powers the Queens Mill
textile factory in Burnley, England, United
Kingdom.
What was the Industrial
Revolution used for?
The Industrial Revolution transformed economies
that had been based on Agriculture and
handicrafts into economies based on large-scale
industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the
factory system. New machines, new power
sources, and new ways of organizing work made
existing industries more productive and efficient
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution (1750–1900) forever
changed the way people in Europe and the
United States live and work. These inventors
and their creations were at the forefront of a
new society.
Spinning and weaving
The creation of the following
ingenious machines made
possible the mass production
of high-quality cotton and
woolen thread and yarn and
helped transform Great Britain
into the world’s leading
manufacturer of textiles in the
second half of the 18th
century.
 Steam Engine
Through its application in manufacturing
and as a power source in ships and
railway locomotives, the steam engine
increased the productive capacity of
factories and led to the great expansion
of national and international
transportation networks in the 19th
century.
Harnessing electricity

In the early 19th century, scientists

in Europe and the United States
explored the relationship between
electricity and magnetism, and
their research soon led to practical
applications of electromagnetic
phenomena.
Telegraph and telephone
Two inventions of the 19th
century, the electric
telegraph and the electric
telephone, made reliable
instantaneous
communication over great
distances possible for the
first time.
 Internal-combustion
engine and automobile
Among the most consequential inventions of the late Industrial Revolution were the
internal-combustion engine and, along with it, the gasoline-powered automobile. The
automobile, which replaced the horse and carriage in Europe and the United States,
offered greater freedom of travel for ordinary people, facilitated commercial links
between urban and rural areas, influenced urban planning and the growth of large
cities, and contributed to severe air-pollution problems in urban areas.
Three-horsepower internal-combustion engine fueled by coal gas and air,
illustration, 1896.
 Growth in the agricultural sector

New farm machinery coupled with chemical and

agronomic advances helped transform agriculture into
a high-yield industrial enterprise. This boosted food
production capacity during the Industrial Revolution
which helped to feed the rising population.
Steel plow mechanical reaper
 Cosmetics and wear

Mass production techniques coupled with expanded

distribution networks allowed a huge range of consumer
goods, from clothing to cosmetics, to be manufactured
affordably and accessed by the general population.
Sewing machine Shoe-lasting machine
THANKS
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