Auxiliary Word Groups

(Understanding the Role of Auxiliary Verbs in English

Grammar)

Types of Sentences
(Understanding Sentence Functions and Forms)

Nurjan Jalgasov
 Introduction to Auxiliary Word Groups

• Auxiliary word groups consist of auxiliary verbs and other elements

like modal verbs.
• They modify the main verb to express tense, aspect, mood, voice, and
modality.
• Essential for forming complex sentence structures.
 Types of Auxiliary Verbs

• Primary Auxiliary Verbs: "Be," "Have," "Do."

• Modal Auxiliary Verbs: "Can," "Must," "Should," "Will," etc.
• Semi-modal Auxiliary Verbs: "Ought to," "Have to," "Used to."
 Primary Auxiliary Verbs
• The primary auxiliary verbs include be, have, and do.
• They are used to form different tenses, aspects, questions, and
negatives.
The Verb “Be”
• Function: Forms continuous tenses and passive voice.
• Example 1 (Continuous Tense): "She is eating lunch."
• Example 2 (Passive Voice): "The cake was baked by the chef."
The Verb “Have”
• Function: Forms perfect tenses.
• Example 1 (Present Perfect): "They have finished the work."
• Example 2 (Past Perfect): "I had completed the task before the
deadline.“
The Verb “Do”
• Function: Used to form questions and negatives in the simple present
and past tenses.
• Example 1 (Question): "Do you like chocolate?"
• Example 2 (Negative): "He does not understand the explanation."
 Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Modal verbs express necessity, ability, possibility, permission, or
obligation.
Examples: "Can," "Must," "Should," "May," "Will," etc.

The Verb “Can”

• Function: Expresses ability or possibility.
• Example 1 (Ability): "She can swim."
• Example 2 (Possibility): "It can be difficult."
 The Verb “Must”
• Function: Expresses necessity or obligation.
• Example 1 (Necessity): "You must study hard."
• Example 2 (Obligation): "He must attend the meeting.”
The Verb “May”
• Function: Expresses permission or possibility.
• Example 1 (Permission): "You may leave now."
• Example 2 (Possibility): "It may rain tomorrow."
 The Verb “Should”
• Function: Suggests advisability or expectation.
• Example 1 (Advisability): "You should go to the doctor."
• Example 2 (Expectation): "He should be arriving soon.“
The Verb “Will”
• Function: Expresses future intentions or predictions.
• Example 1 (Future Intention): "I will help you with the project."
• Example 2 (Prediction): "She will pass the exam."
 Semi-modal Auxiliary Verbs
Semi-modal verbs function like modals but are used in slightly
different contexts.
Examples: "Ought to," "Have to," "Used to.”
The Verb “Ought to”
• Function: Expresses advisability or duty.
• Example 1 (Advisability): "You ought to apologize."
• Example 2 (Duty): "We ought to help those in need."
 The Verb “Have to”
• Function: Expresses necessity or obligation.
• Example 1 (Necessity): "I have to work late."
• Example 2 (Obligation): "You have to wear a uniform.”
The Verb “Used to”
• Function: Refers to past habits or actions that no longer occur.
• Example 1 (Past Habit): "I used to play football every weekend."
• Example 2 (Past Action): "She used to live in New York."
 Functions of Auxiliary Word Groups
• Tense Formation: Expressing past, present, or future actions.
• Aspect Formation: Continuous or perfect aspects.
• Voice: Passive voice construction.
• Modality: Expressing necessity, possibility, or ability.
• Questions and Negatives: Forming questions and negative sentences.
 Conclusion

• Auxiliary word groups are essential for constructing sentences with

complex meanings.
• They modify the main verb to express various tenses, aspects, moods,
and voices.
• Mastering auxiliary verbs enables clear, effective, and grammatically
correct communication in English.
 Introduction to Types of Sentences
• Sentences are fundamental to communication.
• They express ideas, questions, requests, and emotions.
• Classification helps in understanding their function and form.
• This lecture covers two classifications:
• By purpose of communication
• By structure
 Classification of Sentences

• Sentences can be categorized into two main types:

• According to Purpose of Communication
• According to Structure
Types of Sentences According to Purpose
• Focus on the intent behind the sentence.
• Four types based on purpose:
• Declarative
• Interrogative
• Imperative
• Exclamatory
 Declarative Sentences

• Purpose: To make a statement or convey information.

• End with a period.
• Example: The sky is blue.
• Function: To inform or declare something.
 Interrogative Sentences

• Purpose: To ask a question and seek information.

• End with a question mark.
• Example: What time is the meeting?
• Function: To request information or clarification.
 Imperative Sentences

• Purpose: To give a command, make a request, or offer an invitation.

• Often implied subject "you."
• Example: Please pass the salt.
• Function: To request or instruct someone to take action.
 Exclamatory Sentences

• Purpose: To express strong emotions (surprise, joy, anger,

excitement).
• End with an exclamation mark.
• Example: Wow, that was amazing!
• Function: To express intense emotions or feelings.
Types of Sentences According to Structure
• Focus on the number and type of clauses in a sentence.
• Four types based on structure:
• Simple
• Compound
• Complex
• Compound-Complex
 Simple Sentences

• Contains a single independent clause (subject + predicate).

• Expresses a complete thought.
• Example: She enjoys reading.
• Structure: One clause, no additional conjunctions.
 Compound Sentences

• Contains two or more independent clauses connected by a

coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so) or semicolon.
• Each clause could stand alone as a sentence.
• Example: I wanted to go to the park, but it started raining.
• Structure: Two independent clauses connected by "but."
 Complex Sentences

• Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

• Dependent clause cannot stand alone.
• Example: Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
• Structure: Independent clause + dependent clause, connected by a
subordinating conjunction (although).
 Compound-Complex Sentences

• A combination of compound and complex sentences.

• Contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent
clause.
• Example: "Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk, and
we ended up enjoying the fresh air."
• Structure: Two independent clauses + one dependent clause.
 Conclusion

• Understanding sentence types is crucial for effective communication.

• Recognize both purpose and structure for clarity in expression.
• Mastering sentence types enhances writing and speaking skills.
• Use varied sentence structures for dynamic communication.
THANK YOU!