Prepared by:

ISLAMIC & INDIAN ANERO

ESQUILONA

ARCHITECTURE HERODICO
SARVIDA
TORRALBA
THE RISE OF ISLAM
“There is only one God, Allah, and
Muhammad is his Prophet.”
THE RISE OF
ISLAM
MUHAMMAD
THE LAST PROPHET
OFal-Qāsim
Abū GODMuḥammad ibn
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib
ibn Hāshim
 Muhammad, 570 – 632, was a
merchant and caravan master born and
lived in Mecca.
Orphaned by the age of six, under the
care of his paternal grandfather, Abd
al-Muttalib, upon his death, was by his
uncle Abu Talib.
THE RISE OF
ISLAM
MUHAMMAD
THE LAST PROPHET
OF GOD

 Muhammad preached and confirm to

the teachings of the Prophets before
him. Especially to the teachings of
Jesus and Moses.
All his visions were written in the Holy
Book of Islam, Qur’an.
THE RISE OF
ISLAM
MUHAMMAD
THE LAST PROPHET
OF GOD

“The Messenger of God”

“The Prophet Muhammad”
“Allah’s Apostle”
“Last Prophet of Islam”
“Muhammad the Apostle of God”
inscribed on the gates of the
Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
 THE ISLAMIC
EMPIRE
THE RAPID SPREAD OF ISLAM
Over a period of a few hundred years, Islam
spread from its place of origin in the Arabian
Peninsula all the way to modern Spain in the west
and northern India in the east.
THE ISLAMIC
EMPIRE
THE RAPID SPREAD OF ISLAM
RASHIDUN CALIPHATE
632-661CE

UMAYYAD DYNASTY
661-750 CE

ABBASID DYNASTY
750-1258 CE
 Muhammad conquered Mecca in 630 and made it the center of
Islamic religion.
After his death, the Four Caliphs, also known as the first
four leaders of Islam, succeeded Prophet Muhammad.
RASHIDUN
CALIPHATE
632 – 661 CE
 Time period under the leadership of the Four Caliphs
 The city of Medina served as the first capital of the Caliphate. The
capital was later moved to Kufa.
 Arab Muslim forces expanded outward beyond the Arabian
peninsula and into the territories of the neighboring Byzantine and
Sasanian Empires.
CALIPHATE

a political structure
led by a Muslim
steward known as a
caliph (“the
rightfully guided”)
- who was regarded
as the religious and
political successor to
the prophet
Muhammad.
 THE FOUR CALIPHS
1. Abu Bakr (632 – 634) – “The
Truthful”, established the Caliphate.
(father-in-law of Muhammad)
2. Umar ibn al-Khattab (634 – 644)
- greatly spread Islam throughout
the Middle East, conquering the
Sassanids of Iraq. Took control of
Egypt, Syria, and North Africa. Killed
by a Persian slave.
3. Uthman ibn Affan (644-656) –
had the official version of the
Qur’an. Killed by rebels in his home.
(Close companion of Prophet
Muhammad
4. Ali ibn Abi Talib (656 – 661) –
known as the wise leader who wrote
speeches and proverbs.
Assassinated while he was praying
RASHIDUN
CALIPHATE
632 – 661 CE
 Most conquests were held during the reign of the Second
Caliph, Umar, expanding for both religious and political
reasons.
 Maintaining stability and unity among the Arabian tribes.
 Non-centralized and political leadership was not through
hereditary lineage.
 UMAYYAD
DYNASTY
661 – 750 CE

 At its peak, the Umayyad Caliphate controlled the Middle East,

parts of India, much of North Africa, and Spain.
 Shifted the capital from Mecca to Damascus (modern-day Syria)
 a dynastic and centralized Islamic political state emerged.
UMAYYAD
DYNASTY  replaced tribal
661 – 750 CE
traditions with an
imperial government
controlled by a monarch
 replaced Greek, Persian,
and Coptic with Arabic
as the main
administrative language
and reinforced an Arab
Islamic identity.
 Arab hierarchy
emerged, in which non-
Arabs were accorded
secondary status.
UMAYYAD
DYNASTY
661 – 750 CE
modeled their
government after
the Byzantines
(Eastern Roman
Empire) who had
previously ruled
much of the land
conquered by the
Umayyads.
 Contributions:
UMAYYAD - common coinage
DYNASTY - establishing Arabic as the official
661 – 750 CE language throughout the empire
- standardizing weights and
measures.
- Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
and the Umayyad Mosque in
Damascus.

Dome of the
Rock, Jerusalem

The Great gold dinar

Mosque,
Damascus
UMAYYAD FALL OF THE UMAYYADS
DYNASTY Conflicts evolved into
661 – 750 CE major schisms between
Sunni, Shia, and Ibadi
Islam.
Umayyads were
regarded as corrupt and
illegitimate
Taken over by the
ABBASIDS – who
claimed a shared lineage
with the Prophet
Muhammad through his
uncle, Abbas.
 ABBASID Two periods:

DYNASTY 750 – 1258 CE

- Golden Age of Islam
750 – 1258 CE
1261 – 1517 CE - Advances in mathematics, science
and medicine
- Arabic Art and Architecture reached
new heights as culture flourished
- The capital city of Baghdad was
sacked by the Mongols, causing the
Abbasids to flee.

1261- 1517 CE
- Abbasid Caliphate was located in
Cairo, Egypt
- Mamluks held the true political and
military power.
- The Abbasids had authority over the
Islam religion.
Seige of Baghdad, 1303
ABBASID
DYNASTY
750 – 1258 CE
1261 – 1517 CE

 Ruled Middle East, Western Asia, and Northeast

Africa (including Egypt).
 many people converted to Islam, for a multitude of
reasons including sincere belief and avoiding paying
taxes levied on non-Muslims. As a result, Islamic
culture spread over the Abbasids’ vast territory.
THE MUSLIM WORLD
JOBS
THE MUSLIM WORLD

During the Middle Ages, the Islamic Empire had a

booming trade economy. As a result, people worked a
variety of jobs including farmers, merchants, craftsmen,
teachers, herders, and soldiers.
 FOOD
THE MUSLIM WORLD

 dates, honey, and milk. This

same meal is often used
today by Muslims to break
their fast during Ramadan.

 Other common foods

included eggplant, lintels,
and water to drink.

 Meat, such as lamb and

chicken, was rare and
typically only eaten by the
wealthy.

 Some foods were forbidden

by Islam including pork and
alcohol.
 CLOTHING
THE MUSLIM WORLD

To protect themselves from the hot sun,

early Muslims wore clothing that covered
their entire bodies. Both men and women
wore long shirts and loose pants. Women
often wore head scarves and veils. Men also
used head coverings including turbans.
Dressing modestly and covering up was also
part of the Islamic religion.
EDUCATION
THE MUSLIM WORLD

Education was an important part of the early Islamic

Empire. Youth attended school where they studied and
memorized the Quran. They also studied other subjects
including mathematics, philosophy, astrology, and
Greek.
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
THE MUSLIM WORLD
 developed during the Golden Age
Scholars were respected by the
people and sponsored by the
government
paper technology was introduced
from China, allowing for the
production of books.
Large libraries were built in cities
throughout the Muslim empire
helping technology and knowledge
to be shared between scholars. A page from
Algebra by al-
Khwarizmi
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
THE MUSLIM WORLD
 Mathematics
-From Greece, India, and China
- helped develop Algebra (from the
Arabic word, “al-jabr” – reunion of
broken parts)
 Astronomy
-navigation, determining an accurate calendar,
and for religious purposes (determining the
direction of Mecca and prayer times)
-Determined the position of stars
-Quadrant & astrolabe A page from
Algebra by al-
Khwarizmi
 SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
THE MUSLIM WORLD
 Medicine
- studied the works of the Ancient Greeks and
Indians.

- medical book written by Ibn Sina called The

Canon of Medicine. This book was used as the
standard medical textbook both in the Islamic
world and throughout Europe for hundreds of
years.
Engineering
- built dams, irrigation canals, waterwheels,
pumps, aqueducts, and cisterns. They also
invented various ways to measure water and
control the flow of water.
- optics, mechanics, clocks, wind power, and
chemistry. Scientists in an Observatory
by Ala ad-Din Mansur-Shirazi
c. 1574-1595.
NOMADS
THE MUSLIM WORLD

They lived in long, low tents that were easy to move

about. Some of the first converts to Islam were
nomads. They helped Islam to spread rapidly
throughout the Middle East as they moved from place
to place.
ADDITIONAL INFO
 They didn't have a lot of furniture in their homes.
Rugs were common, and were used as floor coverings,
blankets, cushions, and pillows.
 Most marriages were arranged by the families.
Women married very young, often at the age of 12 or
13. Men usually married around the age of 19 or 20.
Islamic women today often wear a veil that covers the
head and chest called a "hijab.“
A man could have up to four wives (but he had to be
able to provide for them), while a woman was only
allowed one husband.
BELIEFS
THE MUSLIM WORLD

Muslim, an individual who believes and follows the religion

of Islam.

Muhammad is considered to be the Holy Prophet of Islam

and the last prophet to be sent by Allah to mankind. Mohammed
lived from 570 CE to 632 CE.

Qur’an, the sacred holy book of Islam. Muslims believe that

the words of the Qur’an were revealed to Muhammad from Allah
through the angel Gabriel.
BELIEFS
THE MUSLIM WORLD

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

1. Shahadah - “There is no god, but God; Muhammad is the

messenger of God.”
2. Salat or Prayer - recited five times a day facing the direction of
Mecca (south)
3.Zakat - giving alms to the poor
4.Fasting - during Ramadan. No eating or drinking from dawn to
sunset
5.Hajj - pilgrimage to the city of Mecca, where the Ka'ba is.
BELIEFS
THE MUSLIM WORLD

HADITH

• The hadith are additional texts that

describe the actions and sayings of
Muhammad that are not recorded in
the Quran. They were generally
gathered together by Islamic scholars
after the death of Muhammad.
 SIGNIFICANCE
BELIEFS
THE MUSLIM WORLD OF JUMUAH
• Qur’an invokes the importance of Friday
as a sacred day of worship in a chapter
called “Al Jumuah” – The Day of
Congregation

“O you who believe! When you are called

to congregational (Friday) prayer, hasten
to the remembrance of God and leave off
trade. That is of God and leave off trade.
That is better for you, if you but knew.”
 SIGNIFICANCE
BELIEFS
THE MUSLIM WORLD OF JUMUAH
• Prophet Muhammad
spoke of the value of
praying in congregation
rather than individually,
promising spiritual
rewards, such as answered
prayers and forgiveness.
•Attending Friday prayers is
equivalent to one entire
year of praying and fasting
alone.

*Watch It’s Jumuah – by Raef

 SIGNIFICANCE
BELIEFS
THE MUSLIM WORLD OF JUMUAH
• Muslims believe that Friday was chosen by God as a
dedicated day of worship.
• Friday services include sermon, given by a
professional male Muslim clergy
•Tradition of Prayer
- Egypt, Iran, & Pakistan has Friday & Saturday as
weekends
- Spending time with family
- Loudspeakers saturate entire cities*
- In Western countries like France, congregants
surround the streets of the mosque.
 SIGNIFICANCE
BELIEFS
THE MUSLIM WORLD OF JUMUAH
• Muslim men were required to attend
Friday prayers given that they are not
travelling. Optional for women, given their
role in the household when Islam was
established.
• In almost all mosque, men and women
pray separately. Some, women were
behind the men in the same room.
Others, women are in different rooms, or
behind a barrier.
THE KAABA
MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA
THE KAABA
MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA

Kaaba – “cube” in Arabic, is a square

building elegantly draped in a silk and
cotton veil, is the holiest shrine in
Islam

• qibla (direction of prayer) is facing

towards Kaaba. It is marked in all
mosque that enables the faithful to
know which direction they should
pray.
• Muslims aspire to undertake hajj –
annual pilgrimage – to the Kaaba at
least once in their lives
THE KAABA
MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA

• Pilgrims gather in the

courtyard of the Masjid al-
Haram around the Kaaba,
and walk around the Kaaba
hoping to kiss the Black
Stone, al-Hajar al-Aswad that
is embedded by the eastern
corner of the Kaaba
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD

 Art is not of a specific religion, time,

place, or single medium. Instead
Islamic art covers a range of artistic
fields including architecture,
calligraphy, painting, glass, ceramics,
and textiles, among others.
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD

ISLAMIC PATTERNS:
Yeseria in Alhambra
• Floral Patterns
- "infinite pattern" type decoration, using
arabesques (geometricized vegetal patterns)
and covering an entire surface.
* Arabesque, style of decoration characterized by
intertwining plants and abstract curvilinear motifs. Derived from
the work of Hellenistic craftsmen working in Asia Minor, the
arabesque originally included birds in a highly naturalistic
setting.
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD

 Calligraphy
- almost all Islamic
buildings exhibit
some type of
inscription in their
stone, stucco,
marble or mosaic
surfaces.
- Two main scripts in
traditional Islamic
Calligraphy: the
angular Kufic, and
 Minaret at Qutb Minar in Delhi, India.
The carved Arabic calligraphy in
ART Thuluth style formed bands around
the tower.
THE MUSLIM WORLD

 Calligraphy

Calligraphic
inscriptions are closely
associated with the
geometry of the
building and are Arabic
frequently employed as Calligraphy in
The Wazir Khan
a frame around the Mosque in
main architectural Lahore,
elements such as Pakistan. The
Calligraphy is a
portals and cornices. Hadith
 Alhamb
ra
Granad
ART a, Spain
THE MUSLIM WORLD

 Geometric and vegetative motifs

- numerous Chinese motifs and patterns were adopted, though
sometimes in markedly revised form.
- In sixteenth-century Europe, first in Italy and then in the north,
Islamic-style vegetal patterns were developed.
- In the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century empires of the
Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (present-day Turkey, Iran, and
India), complicated versions of established patterns were
utilized, sometimes incorporating a new interest in naturalistic-
looking flowers or blossoms.
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD

 CERAMICS
- Early Islamic artists created a
wide variety of ceramic glazes
and styles. Some were
Hassan II Mosque
influenced by Chinese
porcelain, while others
created their own unique
ways of glazing pottery.
- Islamic artists created great
pieces of art using ceramic
tiles. These tiles would
sometimes be used to cover
walls or the entire outside of
religious buildings with bright
patterns and designs. Louvre Museum
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD

 Islamic potters created

four main tile
decoration techniques;
lustre decoration, tile Hassan II Mosque
mosaic, cuerda-seca,
and under-glaze
painting which,
combined with the use
of elaborate abstract
and stylised design
motifs and the lavish
use of tiles in all kinds
of buildings, have made Louvre Museum
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD

 Carvings

Carvings were often

made using wood, but
could also be made
from ivory, stone, or
plaster. They were
used to decorate
important buildings,
like mosques,
including the ceiling,
ART
THE MUSLIM WORLD

 Paintings

"miniature painting." These

paintings were small and were used
in fancy books called "illuminated
manuscripts." These paintings were
different from other pieces of
Islamic art in that they often
contained pictures of animals and
people. This was because they
depicted scenes from stories in the
book.
A Miniature Painting
Sleeping Rustam
by Sultan Muhammad.
INDIA
GEOGRAPHICAL
CONDITION
The rivers Indus and Ganges
The Himalayas
The Everest Mountain
Surrounded by seas and Indian Ocean
Many cities were founded on the banks of rivers
Timber was available in plenty in Indus and Ganges
valleys
Stone was rare
In some part of India white marble is available
In some parts of India rock-cut temples were also available
CLIMATIC CONDITION
INDIA
 More than half the country lies in Tropic Cancer
The climate varies widely;
 Wet in winter and dry in summer
 Buildings built to adapt the climate
 In north flat roofs were common, but steep pitched
roofs were used in West coast due to heavy rain
CULTURE
INDIAN

Indian culture is
described as “Sa
Prathama Sanskrati
Vishvavara” which
means the first and the
supreme culture in the
world.
CULTURE
INDIAN

India is filled with vibrance, hue, and diversity which

can be found in its different ideologies:
1. Tolerance and Non-Violence: India is one
country in the world that has the distinction of being
tolerant and not resorting to arms and ammunition in
the first place.
CULTURE
INDIAN

2. Secularism: India has also been at the forefront of

being a secular country. Freedom of worship and
practice of religion is the manifestation of harmonious
existence of diverse cultures in India.
3. Cultural and Social Bond: India's history is replete
with instances of cooperation and brotherhood.
 RELIGIOUS CONDITION
INDIA

Buddhism - Jainism - goal is

Hindu - The Buddhist; Siddhartha
‘Nirvana’ or a state of
religion has pure rest without rebirth
(Gautama), the first
evolved due to but no total destruction.
Buddha - the religion
the The religion teaches
teaches against animal
combination of avoidance of injury to
sacrifice, to observe
faiths of Aryans life, to observe truth,
oneness, humanity, the
and Dravidians. honesty, abstinence
deliverance from
from worldly desire,
sorrow and all trouble
gentleness, holiness,
and from ignorance
self-punishment, and
WAYS OF GREETING
INDIA

India is a land with varied

greeting customs. Different
religions here have different
ways to express their greetings
to others.
In major Hindu families
"Namaste" is the most common
way of greeting the outsiders
and elders. Both palms placed
together and raised below the
face not only show the respect
for others but also makes the
greeter feel the affection in
return.
FLOWER GARLANDS
INDIA

Indian people are

also famous for
welcoming with
flower garlands. In
Indian marriages,
the exchange of
garlands between
the bride and the
groom is a ritual in
itself. People also
offer flower
garlands to Gods
 INDIAN MARRIAGES
INDIA

In India, marriage is still taken

as an institution where not two
people but two families get
united.

In Hindu marriages, while

Punjabis perform the 'Roka'
ceremony in weddings, Sindhis
perform the 'Berana’.

most common of all is the

ritual of Hast Milap ceremony
popularly called Paanigrahan
Sanskaar.
 CLOTHING
INDIA
In clothing, women wear
colorful silk saris and men
wear dhoti which is a piece of
cloth tied around the waist
and legs. Indian women
perfect their sense of charm
and fashion with makeup and
ornaments. Bindi, mehendi,
earrings, bangles and other
jewelry are common.

A kurta (loose shirt about

knee-length) is also worn by
men. On special occasions,
mean wear a sherwani or an
achkan. A shorter version of
sherwani is called Nehru. The
 INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
INDIA
The earliest known civilization
in the Indo-Pak region of
South Asia.
The Indus valley civilization is
dated around 3000 B.C.
Comprises many urban
settlements, including the
large cities of Harappa and
Mohenjo Daro Characterized
by a variety of house types,
many of which had private
baths connected to public
drainage systems.
INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
INDIA
The arch, a
cornerstone of
world
architecture, was
first developed by
the Indus valley
civilization, and
would later be a
staple of Indian
architecture.
INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
INDIA
 Characterized by well
planned cities and houses
where religion did not
seem to play an active
role.
 The presence of
drainage systems and
public baths showed
advanced standards of
hygiene and sanitation
and ingenious planning.
 ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTUR
E
DEFINING ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
Islam answers:

The West rejects the idea of

1. Islam has no objections for
having comfortable life and
“islamisation” of architecture
wealth, without going beyond the
arguing that their nomadic
boundary of His Almighty’s law
lifestyle of Arabs discourages
and guidance.
the permanent lifestyle of
Architectural building 2. Prophet Muhammad
traditions; and discourages miserable living.
That Islamic copied from 3. Qur’an: “whoever built a
Christian, Persian, or Indian mosque with the intention of
origins seeking Allah’s pleasure, Allah will
build a similar place in Paradise.”
- Prophet Muhammad participated
in constructing his own mosque
by carrying bricks.
DEFINING ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
Islamic Architecture can
Scholars present a more
be seen as a
contingent and meaningful distinction
culturally varied of construction by
approach to the study defining it as a dynamic
of Islamic Architecture space that produce
relationships between
people and helping
individuals understand
and articulate their
identity through
engagement and
disengagement.
 Islamic Architectural Tradition is found in two types o
1. Muslim Majority countries
ORIGIN2. Land conquered by Muslims during the Middle Ag
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
ORIGIN
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE

In addition to Arab-states like

Algeria, Egypt, and Iraq…

Islamic Architecture is also

prevalent in European regions
with Moorish roots, including
parts of Spain, Portugal Italy
and Malta.
DISTINCTIVE ELEMENTS OF
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

1. MINARETS
2. DOMES
3. MUQARNAS VAULTING
4. ARCHES
5. DECORATIVE DETAILS
 MINARETS
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE

• Spire or tower-like structure

featuring small windows and
enclosed staircase
• Oldest elements of Islamic
Architecture
• Found next to most mosque
• Primary function is to allow the
muezzin to call worshippers to
prayer from an elevated point
• Stands outside the mosque or
attached to the outer walls.
*Watch adhan*
PARTS OF A
MINARET
 DOMES
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE

Example: Dome of
the Rock
• Inspired by
Byzantine plans
• Octagonal edifice
is topped with a
wooden dome
(plated in Gold
during the 15th
century)
• Dome sits on a
drum supported by
16 piers and
columns
DOMES
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE

Pendentives
are often
decorated
with tiles or
muqarnas
MUQARNAS
VAULTING
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
• Often compared to
stalactites or
honeycomb
Chaharbagh Madreseh
• Adorns vaults
(besides domes and
pendentives)
• Monochromatic,
sculptural, ceiling
that contrast the
surrounding tiles

Nasir ol-Molk Mosque

 ARCHES
 Can be found in both entrance and interiors
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE

POINTED
ARCH

OGEE
ARCH HORSESHOE ARCH

MULTIFOIL
ARCH
DECORATIVE
DETAILS
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
- Jewelery-like tiles
- Geometric
mosaics
- Patterned
brickwork
- Kaleidoscope
stones
- Exquisite
calligraphy
PRINCIPAL ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURAL TYPES
1. Mosque
2. Tomb
3. Palace
4. Fort
5. Madrasa
6. Mausoleums
MOSQUE
PRINCIPAL ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURAL TYPES

- Spiritual site of
worship
- Social site of
education,
debate; and
- Discussion of
religion, politics,
and current Prophet Mohammad’s House
events
MOSQUE
PRINCIPAL ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURAL TYPES

 Arab caliphs and their

governors were the first
builders of architectural
mosques
 Emerged from Bedouin
culture (no permanent
architecture), that caused
them to adopt and adapt the
tradition and culture of the
lands that they conquer to
guide the formation and style
of their new mosques.
 The most source of
contribution came from:
Byzantine and Sasanian.

Umayyad Mosque
MOSQUE
PRINCIPAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL TYPES

• Arabs established garrison cities, ordering the founded

mosque to provide the Islamic community with a place
to meet and pray
•1st century of Islamic History, Christian churches were
turned to mosques, using recycled parts of abandoned
buildings
MOSQUE TYPES
1. Jami masjid
(congretional mosque
2. Masjid
- Jamy (“to gather”) - small community
mosques used daily by
- Built on a large scale to
members of a quarter, or
accommodate the entire an ethnic group within a
Islamic community in a city.
town or city.
- subsidiary structures
next to mausoleums,
palaces, caravansaries,
and madrasas.
PARTS OF THE MOSQUE
PARTS OF THE MOSQUE
Inner courtyard
SAHN surrounded by colonnades
or arcades (riwaqs on 3
sides)
PARTS OF THE MOSQUE
ABLUTION FOUNTAIN

Where the minor ablution

is performed
PARTS OF THE MOSQUE

IWAN MINBAR
A rectangular hall or Located to
space, usually vaulted, the right of
walled on three sides, the mihrab.
with one end entirely It was atop
open the minbar
that on
Fridays the
Khutba(serm
on) was
delivered by
the imam
PARTS OF THE MOSQUE

PISHTAQ RIWAQ
Arcade or portico open at
The formal gateway of least one side.
iwan - Serves as the transition
between an interior and
exterior spaces
 PARTS OF THE MOSQUE
MAQSURAH DIKKA
A box, or wooden screen A platform provided at the
near the mihrab or the rear of the sanctuary, or
center of the qibla wall, in the courtyard along the
which was originally same axis as the mihrab
designed to shield a
worshipping ruler from
assassins.
 PARTS OF THE MOSQUE
MIHRAB
 a semicircular niche in
the wall of a mosque that
indicates the qibla

QIBLA WALL
 wall in which the mihrab
appears

Mosque of Aqsunqur
Cairo, Egypt
 THE FIRST MOSQUE;
MUHAMMAD’S
MOSQUE
• Established shortly
after his community
moved to Medina in 622
CE
• Simple and remarkable
enclosure
• Principal consideration
of Muhammad to
provide a large, open
and expandable
courtyard for the ever-
growing community to
meet in one place.
THE FIRST MOSQUE;
MUHAMMAD’S
MOSQUE
Walls – mud-brick, 3 openings
Open space – 61 sq. yards (56
meters)
EAST – modest living quarters
of Prophet Muhammad and
his family
Columns – palm tree trunks
Roofs – palm leaves

The columns and roofs covers

an area called to zulla
TYPES OF
MOSQUE
ACCORDING
TO PLAN
• Hypostyle
• Four-iwan
• Centrally-
planned
HYPOSTYLE
TYPES OF MOSQUE
ACCORDING TO PLAN

• forest of columns.
• The interior of the mosque
features the forest of
columns that has come to
define the hypostyle type.

Floor plan of Prophet Muhammad’s

Mosque
Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
FOUR-IWAN
MOSQUE
TYPES OF MOSQUE
ACCORDING TO PLAN

• arranged around a large

open courtyard.
Great
• each wall of the courtyard Mosque of
is punctuated with a
Isfahan,
monumental vaulted hall,
Iran
the iwan.
• Qibla iwan is the largest
and mostly ornated.
• used widely from India to
Cairo and replacing the
hypostyle mosque in many
places.
CENTRALLY-
PLANNED
MOSQUE
TYPES OF MOSQUE
ACCORDING TO PLAN

The Ottoman
architects were
strongly influenced by
Hagia Sophia in
Istanbul, the greatest
of all Byzantine
churches and one that
features a
monumental central
dome high over its Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore
large nave. of Miletus, Istanbul
TOMB

placed diagonally and

oriented towards the Mecca
and is constructed of red
sandstone with the slope of
the wall at an angle of 75
degrees with the ground.

The exterior is decorated with

various elements like merlons,
paneled niches and a central
recessed arch with spearhead
fringes.
TOMB

• lavishly decorated and had

expensive materials like
marble and sandstone clad
over it.
• practice of tomb
building continued with
the builders resorting to
inexpensive materials
like rubble covered with
plaster
TWO TYPES
OF TOMB
TOMB

The tomb can be classified in

two types the open and
closed, the open consisting
mostly of the octagonal Rohanpur Octagonal Tomb
type with pillared verandahs
and the square tombs
being closed type with the
entrance in the form of a
central archway.

Memorial Complex
of Imam al
Bukhari
PALACE

The designs of Islamic palaces

were similar with the middle a
square surrounded by a fence
topped with corner towers
and circular arc or semi-
circular that has one entrance
connected to an open
courtyard surrounded by all
the facilities such as arcades,
housings, stairs, and docks.

Mohabat Maqbara
FORT
 MADRASAH

An Arabic word for any

type of educational Madrasah Shir-Registan
institution, secular or
religious, whether for
elementary or higher
learning.
INDIAN
ARCHITECTURE
ELEMENTS OF INDIAN
ARCHITECTURE:
SIKHARAS
SIKHARAS
•These are the peaks of
the towers rising from
the core of Hindu
temples
•These towers are
always extravagantly
decorated
•They vary throughout
the country
ELEMENTS
OF INDIAN
ARCHITECTU
RE:
•The stupa is a shrine that
STUPAS
represents the sacred Mount
Meru, as well as providing a
sanctuary for relics of the Buddha.
•They have four ceremonial gates
to the shrine
•It was mostly a Buddhist art,
though Jains also seemed to have
built stupas
ELEMENTS
OF INDIAN
ARCHITECTU
RE:
•The towers of Hindu temples tell
SYMBOLIC LAYERS
stories as they rise skywards
•Each has its own distinctive
“handwriting” and depicts the
concerns of local cults as well as
universal themes.
ELEMENTS
OF INDIAN
ARCHITECTU
RE:
ANIMAL STATUARY
To Hindus, all life is sacred
and deserving of
representation
Most of the temples show
fine sculptures and
carvings of animals
ELEMENTS
OF INDIAN
ARCHITECTU
RE:
FIGURATIVE
DECORATIONS
For Hindus, the carving of sacred
images and figurines was an art
form in itself, requiring years of
disciplined training.
 BUDDHIST AND JAIN
ARCHITECTURE
•Buddhism gained prominence during the reign of the emperor Ashoka around
the 3rd c. bc.
•It is primarily represented by three important building types- the Chaitya Hall
(place of worship), the Vihara (monastery) and the Stupa (hemispherical
mound for worship/ memory).
 BUDDHIST AND JAIN
ARCHITECTURE
•The Greek influence led the Indian architecture of the time, especially the
rock-cut art, to fall under one of the two categories: the Mathura school of art
and the Gandharva school of art
•The division of Buddhism into Hinayana and Mahayana phases also
influenced the nature of rock-cut art, the former being represented by artifacts
used by the Buddha, and the latter by images of the Buddha.
HINDU TEMPLES
•The reference to temples in Indian temple architecture has
literature go back early to(520 often been called sculpture on
BC - 460 BC) a mass scale rather than true
•Early temples were rock-cut, architecture.
later structural temples
evolved.
•The temple is a
representation of the
macrocosm (the universe) as
well as the microcosm (the
inner space).
HINDU TEMPLES
They are designed as sculpture and are best experienced
and understood from the outside.
•Interiors are very small and dark spaces which are not as
impressive as the exterior.
•A basic Hindu temple consists of an inner sanctum, the
garba griha or womb-chamber, in which the image is
housed, a congregation hall, and possibly an
antechamber (entrance hall) and porch.
•The sanctum is crowned by a tower-like shikhara
•The structural system of temples was essentially post
and beam and with massive blocks of stone being the
basic raw material for the local craftsman

•They are distinguishable by the shape and

decoration of their shikharas or superstructures.
HINDU TEMPLES
NORTH INDIAN
TEMPLES (NAGARA)

 The Nagara style which

developed around the fifth
century is characterized by a
beehive shaped tower called a
shikhara
 The plan is based on a square but
the walls are sometimes so
broken up that the tower often
gives the impression of being
circular.
HINDU TEMPLES
South Indian
Temples
(Dravida)
•From the seventh century the
Dravida or southern style has
a pyramid shaped tower
consisting of progressively
smaller storeys of small
pavilions, a narrow throat, and
a dome on the top.
•The repeated storeys give a
horizontal visual thrust to the
southern style.
INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES ON
INDIA

The medieval period opened

great developments in the
field of Indian architecture.
The architecture of the
medieval period can be
divided into two main
categories:
• Delhi Sultanate
Architecture or the Imperial
Style
• Mughal Architecture
DELHI
SULTANATE
ARCHITECTURE

Delhi Sultanate
Architecture
The Delhi Sultanate was an
Islamic empire based in Delhi.
The Delhi Sultanate
predominantly spread in and
around Delhi in North India
DELHI
SULTANATE
ARCHITECTURE

It gradually spread its rule

across various parts of the
Indian subcontinent for over
three centuries starting from
1206 to 1526.

 Several politically significant Hindu

temples located in enemy states
were vandalized and damaged,
then the development of Indo-
Islamic architecture initiated.
 Some of the unique features of
architectural styles are
embellished arches and domes.
Teachings from the Holy Quran
and various floral patterns are
visible in the arches while
swastika, lotus, bells and other
Hindu motifs form parts of
other embellishments of the
palaces thus giving them a
grand and exquisite
appearance.
DELHI Examples

SULTANATE ‘Qutb Complex’ - comprising of a

number of historically significant
ARCHITECT monuments and buildings
URE Some of the important
constructions of the complex
include:
‘Qutb Minar’,
 the ‘Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque’,
 the ‘Tomb of Iltutmish’,
the ‘Tomb of Imam Zamin’,
the ‘Iron Pillar’ of Delhi; and
Major Smith's Cupola.
 QUTB MINAR

• colossal tower 73 m (240 ft.)

• made of red sandstone and marble
• highest brick minaret in the world
• initiated by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, the
founder of the Mamluk Dynasty in
Delhi, in 1200 AD and completed
by his successor and son-in-law
Iltutmish in 1220 AD.
• This minaret was dedicated by
Aibak to the Muslim Sufi mystic
saint and scholar of the Chishti
Order, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki.
• UNESCO World Heritage
QUWWAT-
UL-ISLAM
MOSQUE
• first mosque built in India;
its construction was
delegated by Aibak, which
started in 1193 and
completed in 1197.
• Twenty-seven Hindu
temples, shafts of which
adorn the inner and outer
courtyard of this Jami
Masjid, were demolished
to construct it.
• A provocative inscription
etched over its eastern
gate justifies the
presence of typical
Hindu embellishments
ALAI
DARWAZA
• Within the central gateway that
forms the central gateway from
the southern side of the
mosque.
• Built in 1311 AD by Ala-ud-din
Khilji, the second Khilji Sultan of
the Delhi Sultanate
• built of red sandstone and
white marble
• first ever structure in India
that incorporated principles
of Islamic architecture, both
in its construction and
decoration.
• Unique features of Khilji art
MUGHAL
ARCHITECTU
RE
• Building style that
flourished in northern and
central India under the
patronage of the Mughal
emperors from the mid-
16th to the late 17th
century.
• revival of Islamic
architecture in northern
India
• Persian, Indian, and various Shahi Qila
provincial styles were fused
to produce works of
unusual quality and
refinement.
MUGHAL
ARCHITECTU
RE Most of these early
Mughal buildings use
arches only sparingly,
relying instead on post
and lintel construction.
They are built of
red sandstone or
white marble.
The tomb of the
emperor Humāyūn (be
gun 1564)
at Delhi inaugurated the
new style, though it
shows strong Persian
influences.
MUGHAL
ARCHITECTU
RE
Mughal architecture reached
its zenith during the reign of
emperor Shāh Jahān (1628–
58), its crowning achievement
being the magnificent Tāj
Mahal.

Emperor Sha Jahan

MUGHAL
ARCHITECTU
RE
• marked by a fresh
emergence in India of
Persian features that had
been seen earlier in the
tomb of Humāyūn.
• The use of the double
dome, a recessed archway
inside a rectangular
fronton, and parklike
surroundings are all typical
of Shāh Jahān period
buildings.
Taj Mahal
Double Dome
Symmetry and balance
between the parts of a
building were always
stressed, while the delicacy of
detail in Shāh Jahān
decorative work has seldom
been surpassed. White
marble was a favoured
building material.
 After the Tāj Mahal, the second
major undertaking of Shāh Jahān’s
RED FORT reign was the palace-fortress at
Delhi, begun in 1638.
 Among its notable buildings are the
red-sandstone-pillared Dīvān-e
ʿĀmm (“Hall of Public Audience”) and
RED FORT the so-called Dīvān-e Khāṣṣ (“Hall of
Private Audience”), which housed the
famous Peacock Throne.
 THE
PEACOCK
THRONE
• Was a famous
jeweled throne that was
the seat of the Mughal
emperors of India.
The original throne was
subsequently captured and
taken as a war trophy in 1739
by the Persian emperor Nadir
Shah, and has been lost since.
A replacement throne based
Painting of the (later) Peacock
on the original was Throne in the Diwan-i-Khas of
commissioned afterwards and the Red Fort, around 1850
existed until the Indian
Rebellion of 1857.
RED FORT,
ICON OF
MUGHAL
ARCHITECT
URE
Red Fort, one of the famous
constructions of Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan.
During his administration, he
encouraged arts and
constructions.
On every Republic and
Independence Day
celebrations conducted in the
Fort and the Prime Minister of
India gave his speeches from
the Fort.
AFTER MUGHAL RULE
 In 1803 the British force conquered the Marathas and
again Mughals took control in Delhi city and Red fort
and restored the power.
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last ruler of Mughal dynasty
and the last inhabit of the Fort, Delhi. There were
allegations about Bahadur Shah Zafer support to
India’s first freedom struggle, so the British arrested
him and his two sons were shot dead. Like this, the
glory of Mughal dried up and remained the Red Fort to
bring back the glory of Mughals.
ACTIVITY
TOP 5 MASTERPIECES OF
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
GREAT MOSQUE OF
SAMARRA
SAMARRA, IRAQ
• around 850, it was the
largest mosque in the world
• The mosque was built out of
baked brick, with an interior
decorated with blue glass.
•Most of the structure was
destroyed during the Mongol
invasion led by Hulagu in
1258
• The minaret is built in the
shape of a cone, wrapped in
a spiraling ramp that leads to
the top; it slightly resembles
an ancient ziggurat.
DOME OF THE ROCK
JERUSALEM

• Oldest extant Islamic

monument and one of the
best-known.
• in Jewish tradition it is
said to be the spot where
Abraham prepared to
sacrifice his son Isaac
• In Islamic tradition it is
held to be the site of
Muhammad’s ascent to
heaven.
• The interior is richly
decorated with marble,
mosaics, and metal
FRIDAY MOSQUE OF
ESFAHAN
ISFAHAN, IRAN
• A mosque has stood on
the site since the 8th
century,
• The oldest elements of
the current structure are
two domes built during
the Seljuk dynasty, which
ruled parts of Iran in the
11th century.
• The four-iwan design,
which first appeared in
Isfahan, later became the
norm for Iranian mosques.
 ALHAMBRA

• On a hill overlooking the

Spanish city of Granada
• a palace built by princes
• The courtyards and rooms of the
belonging to the Muslim Nasrid Alhambra are exquisitely
dynasty (1238–1492) in the decorated with colored tiles,
14th century. carved stucco, carved wood, and
calligraphy.
• three parts remain: a fortress
(Alcazaba, or al-Qasbah) on the • geometric stalactite designs (a
west end of the hill, a princely recurring pattern in Islamic
residence to the east, and a architecture called muqarnas in
cluster of pavilions and gardens Arabic) that adorn the halls
known as the Generalife. surrounding the Court of the Lions.
TAJ MAHAL
AGRA, INDIA

• 1631, Mumtaz Mahal,

the third and favorite
wife of the Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan
(reigned 1628–58), died
while giving birth to the
couple’s fourteenth
child.
• Devastated, the
emperor commissioned
the Taj Mahal, a
massive mausoleum
complex on the
southern bank of the
Yamuna (Jumna) River
that ultimately took