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Lecture 2

The lecture on fluid statics focuses on studying fluids at rest, emphasizing pressure variations and their effects on submerged surfaces. Key concepts include the definition of pressure, the impact of depth and density on pressure, and methods for measuring pressure using manometers. The document also distinguishes between absolute and gauge pressure, highlighting the importance of understanding these principles for engineering applications.

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10 views15 pages

Lecture 2

The lecture on fluid statics focuses on studying fluids at rest, emphasizing pressure variations and their effects on submerged surfaces. Key concepts include the definition of pressure, the impact of depth and density on pressure, and methods for measuring pressure using manometers. The document also distinguishes between absolute and gauge pressure, highlighting the importance of understanding these principles for engineering applications.

Uploaded by

dangnguyencute357
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE205IU: FLUID MECHANICS

LECTURE 2: FLUID STATICS

Dr. Pham Ngoc


03/26/25 1
What is purposes of this chapter?
Study problems in which the fluid is either at rest or
moving, but:
 No relative motion between adjacent particles;
 No shearing stresses in the fluid
Thus, principle concern is to investigate pressure and its
variation throughout a fluid and the effect of pressure on
submerged surfaces
What is pressure at a point?
the term pressure is used to indicate the normal force per
unit area at a given point acting on a given plane within the
fluid mass of interest

03/26/25 2
Let’ consider the free-body diagram Pascal law

The assumption: (1) zero shearing stresses


will still be valid so long as the fluid element
moves as a rigid body; that is, there is no
relative motion between adjacent elements.
(2) forces in the x direction are not shown

The equations of motion (Newton’s second law, F=ma) in the y and z


directions are, respectively,

03/26/25 3
Basic equation for pressure field
How does the pressure in a fluid in which there are no shearing stresses vary
from point to point?
we let the pressure at the center of the
element be designated as p, then the
average pressure on the various faces
can be expressed in terms of p and its
derivatives

03/26/25 4
represents in vector form the pressure gradient and can be written as

Newton’s second law, applied to the fluid element, can be expressed as

03/26/25 For a fluid at rest a = 0 5


For incompressible fluid

For most engineering applications the variation in g is negligible, so our main


concern is with the possible variation in the fluid density.
For liquids the variation in density is usually negligible, even over large
vertical distances, so that the assumption of constant specific weight when
dealing with liquids is a good one

1 atmosphere = 101,325 kPa = 1,01325 bar ≈


14,696 psi.

03/26/25 6
Example 2.1
Because of a leak in a buried gasoline
storage tank, water has seeped in to the
depth shown in Fig.
If the specific gravity of the gasoline is SG
= 0.68
Determine the pressure at the gasoline-
water interface and at the bottom of the
tank. Express the pressure in units of
Lb/ft2, lb/in.2, and as a pressure head in
feet of water.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=AtQ1oh09Uyo&index=7&list=PL_D1rGgPr31OplceeLTe2rdGfwjESE9_y

03/26/25 7
Summary: Laws of Liquid pressure
Pressure at a point inside the liquid:
 Increases with increase in depth from the free surface of
the liquid
 Increases with the increase in the density of the liquid
 Is same in all directions about a given point within the liquid
 Is same at all points in a horizontal plane at a given depth

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=AtQ1oh09Uyo&index=7&list=PL_D1rGgPr31OplceeLTe2rdGfwjESE9_
y
03/26/25 8
For compressible fluid
Density (of gases) can change significantly with the changes in pressure and
temperatures.
Because of specific weight of gases are relatively small.
Thus, in vertical direction, the pressure gradient is
also small.
Or, we can neglect the effect of elevation changes
on the pressure in gases in tanks, pipes….
Ideal gases, randomly
moving point particles
Change
from
elevation
z1 to z2

Can be applied
when you design
high-rised buildings

03/26/25 9
Consider to variation in pressure in the earth’s atmosphere
Standard atmosphere: an idealized representation of
middle-latitude, year-round mean conditions of the
earth’s atmosphere

03/26/25 10
How to measure Pressure
Pressure is designated as either absolute pressure or gage
pressure.
- Absolute pressure is
measured relative to a perfect
vacuum
- Gage pressure is measured
relative to the local
atmospheric pressure

Liquid: expressed as height of


a column of liquid (H2O, Hg..)
standard atmospheric pressure
can be expressed as 760 mm
Hg (abs)
The measurement of atmospheric
pressure is usually accomplished
with a mercury barometer
At 680F
03/26/25 11
Manometers for measuring pressure
Piezometer tube U-tube tube manometer

Capillary action could affect the


manometer reading.

- Suitable if the pressure in the gage fluid can be different


container > atmospheric pressure from the fluid in the container
-Pressure to be measured must
in which the pressure is to be
be relatively small determined
- Be a liquid rather than a gas.
03/26/25 12
Manometers for measuring pressure
Differential U-tube manometer Inclined-tube manometers

Be used to measure small pressure


differences accurately.

Determine pA – pB = ???? Determine pA – pB = ????

Mechanical and Electronic Devices


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE_n1lCuz30
03/26/25 Read more in textbook 13
03/26/25 14
Assignment 2

Thank you for your listening!

03/26/25 15

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