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The document discusses classical conditioning, a theory by Ivan Pavlov, which involves learning through association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response. It also covers operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, which explains behavior modification through reinforcement and punishment. Both theories are widely applied in education, therapy, and behavior management.

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Supriya Singh
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4 views

Cc and Oc Presentation (1)

The document discusses classical conditioning, a theory by Ivan Pavlov, which involves learning through association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response. It also covers operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, which explains behavior modification through reinforcement and punishment. Both theories are widely applied in education, therapy, and behavior management.

Uploaded by

Supriya Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classical Conditioning: Learning

Through Association
A Theory by Ivan Pavlov
Introduction
• Classical conditioning is a type of unconscious
or automatic learning. It happens when a
neutral stimulus (something that doesn’t
naturally cause a reaction) is paired with an
unconditioned stimulus (something that
triggers a natural response). Over time, the
neutral stimulus starts to trigger the same
response as the unconditioned stimulus.
Key Concepts of Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus

• An unconditioned
stimulus is a stimulus or
trigger that leads to an
automatic response.
• If a cold breeze makes
you shiver, for instance,
the cold breeze is an
unconditioned stimulus;
it produces an
involuntary response
(the shivering).
Neutral Stimulus

• A neutral stimulus is a stimulus


that doesn't initially trigger a
response on its own.
• The first time seeing a leash, the
household dog has no prior
association with it, and therefore,
it possesses no inherent meaning.
However, after a few times of the
family retrieving the leash before
taking the dog for a walk, it takes
on a very significant meaning.
Conditioned Stimulus
• A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus
that was once neutral (didn't trigger a
response) but now leads to a
response.
• Suppose a person is riding in an
elevator and all of a sudden it stops.
The person is trapped for several
hours. The elevator is small and
periodically drops a little and shakes.
• Although the person has been
rescued with no physical injuries, they
develop a fear of elevators and small
spaces. The elevator is now a
conditioned stimulus .
Unconditioned Response

• An
unconditioned response is
an automatic response or a
response that occurs
without thought when an
unconditioned stimulus is
present.
• If you smell your favorite
food and your mouth starts
watering, the watering is an
unconditioned response.
Conditioned Response

• A conditioned response is a
learned response or a
response that is created
where no response existed
before.

• Going back to the example


of being bit by a dog, the fear
you experience after the bite
is a conditioned response.
Pavlov’s Experiment on Dogs
About Ivan Pavlov:~

• Ivan Pavlov was a famous

Russian

physiologist,Soviet

experimental neurologist

and psychologist.

• Born :~26 September

1849

• Died :~27 February 1936


• Pavlov conducted an experiment where he
rang a bell before giving food to dogs. Over
time, the dogs learned to associate the bell
with food and began to salivate at the sound
of the bell alone.
Continued…

• UCS – Food
• UCR – Salivation due to food
• NS – Bell (before conditioning)
• CS – Bell (after conditioning)
• CR – Salivation due to the bell
Principles of Classical Conditioning
• 1. **Acquisition** – The process of learning the
association.
• 2. **Extinction** – When the conditioned response
weakens over time if the CS is presented alone.
• 3. **Spontaneous Recovery** – The reappearance of a
conditioned response after extinction.
• 4. **Generalization** – Similar stimuli trigger the
conditioned response.
• 5. **Discrimination** – The ability to distinguish
between different stimuli.
Operant Conditioning: Learning
Through Consequences
A Theory by B.F. Skinner
Introduction
• Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to
as instrumental conditioning, is a learning
method that employs rewards and
punishments for behavior.
• Developed by B.F. Skinner, it explains how
reinforcement strengthens behavior while
punishment weakens it.
Key Concepts of Operant Conditioning
• Behavior is influenced by consequences.
• Two types of consequences
- Reinforcement (increases behavior)
- Punishment (decreases behavior)
• If you raise your hand to ask a question and
your teacher praises your polite behavior, you
will be more likely to raise your hand the next
time you have a question or comment.
• actions that result in punishment or undesirable
consequences will be weakened and less likely to occur again
in the future.
• If you shout out an answer in class and your teacher scolds
you, then you might be less likely to interrupt the class again.
Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes
that are presented after the behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcers involve the removal of an
unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a
behavior.
Punishment in Operant Conditioning
Positive Punishment
Positive punishment, sometimes called punishment by
application, presents an unfavorable event or outcome to
weaken the response it elicits.
Negative Punishment
Negative punishment, also known as punishment by removal,
occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a
behavior occurs.
Schedules of Reinforcement
• Continuous Reinforcement: Behavior is
reinforced every time (useful for learning new
behaviors).
• Partial Reinforcement: Behavior is reinforced
occasionally (leads to long-term learning).
• Example: A child gets a star for every
completed homework (continuous), whereas
winning at a slot machine is random (partial).
CONCLUSION
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONG
• Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning
explains how we learn explains how behavior is
through associations. shaped through
• Pavlov’s experiment laid the consequences.
foundation for behaviorist • It is widely used in education,
psychology. workplaces, and therapy.
• It is widely used in therapy, • Understanding reinforcement
education, and marketing. and punishment can improve
behavior management.

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