PASSIVE TRANSPORT

ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE

STUDENT NAME :- ABHISHEK KUMAR SRIVASTAVA

ROLL NUMBER :- 3
 PASSIVE TRANSPORT

• Substances move across cell membranes without any energy

expenditure by the cell .
• Substances cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy
 PASSIVE
TRANSPORT TYP ES
1) Diffusion
2) Osmosis

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion

Movement of water
Diffusion without Diffusion using a helper protein using semipermeable
a helper protein membrane
 DIFFUSION
DIFFUSION IS PASSIVE PROCESS BY WHICH MOLECULES MOVE
FROM
1.MOLECULES MOVE FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW
CONCENTRATION
2. CATION MOVE TO NEGATIVELY CHARGED AREA , ANION MOVE
TO POSITIVELY CHARGED AREA

IT IS OF TWO TYPES
SIMPLE FACILITATED
DIFFUSION DIFFUSION
 SIMPLE DIFFUSION
 IT IS SIMPLY THE UNASSISTED MOVEMENT OF SOLUTE ,
OCCURS WHEN ITS ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL ON
THE TWO SIDES OF A PERMEABLE BARRIER VARIES .

 NET MOVEMENT STOPS WHEN THE CONCENTRATION OF

THE MOLECULES IS EQUAL EVERYWHERE WITHIN THE
SOLUTION.

 IT IS ONLY FORM OF TRANSPORT THAT IS NOT CARRIER

MEDIATED .

 RANDOM MOVEMENT OF THE MOLECULES CONTINUE

AFTER DIFFUSIONAL EQUILIBRIUM IS ACHIEVED.
FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION
1. DISTANCE :- Greater the distance longer the time
required
2. CONCENTRATION DIFFERNCE :-Larger the
difference faster the diffusion proceeds
3. TEMPERATURE :-Higher the temperature faster
the diffusion
4. MOLECULAR SIZE :-inversely proportional
5. SURFACE AREA :-Larger the surface area
available faster is the diffusion rate .
6. LIPID SOLUBILITY :-Lipid soluble substances
diffuse rapidly , water soluble substances diffuse
slowly .
Clinical Relevance:
1. Pulmonary Diffusion: Oxygen diffuses from
the alveoli in the lungs into the blood, while
carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction
to be exhaled. Impairment of this process can
occur in conditions like chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary fibrosis.

2. Drug Delivery: Many medications (e.g.,

oxygen, insulin) enter cells by diffusion. In cases
of diabetes, insulin needs to diffuse into cells,
and problems with this can lead to poor glucose
regulation.
 FACILITATED DIFFUSION
• Facilitated diffusion is defined as the substances
moving through the semi-permeable membrane
from a region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration with the help of
transmembrane protein.
• This movement is faster as compared to simple
diffusion.
• CARRIER
This protein be either a CHANNEL MEDIATED
MEDIATED
E.g The movement of water molecules through the
body occurs with the help of channel proteins known
as aquaporins .
A. CARRIER MEDIATED
IT IS A CARRIER MEDIATED PROCESS THAT
ENABLES LARGE MOLECULES TO FLOW
THROUGH MEMBRANE CHANNELS .

EXAMPLE :- (a). Glucose transport by

glucose transporter [GLUT]
(b). The transport of glucose into
RBC ,muscles, adipose tissue in presence of
insulin.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
1. THE CARRIER PROTEIN IN CELL MEMBRANE
UNDERGOES REPEATED SPONTANEOUS SHAPE
CHANGES DURING WHICH THE BINDING SITE FOR
THE SUBSTANCE IS ALTERNATELY EXPOSED TO
THE ICF AND ECF .
2. ITS RATE OF DIFFUSION INCREASES WITH AN
INCREASES IN THE CONCENTRATION DIFFERNCE
TO REACH A PLATUE WHEN ALL THE BINDING SITE
ON THE CARRIER PROTEIN ARE FILLED
( SATURATION ).
3. THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF CARRIER PROTEIN IN
MEMBRANES , EACH TYPE HAVING BINDING SITES
THAT ARE SPECIFIC FOR PARTICULAR SUBSTANCES
.
B. CHANNEL MEDIATED ION
CHANNELS
• IONS ALSO UTILIZE IONIC CHANNELS TO CROSS THE CELL
MEMBRANES .
• SOME CHANNELS ARE CONTINOUSLY OPEN , WHEREAS
OTHERS ARE GATED.
• THERE ARE ION CHANNELS :- (a). SPECIFIC :- FOR Na,K,Ca,Cl
(b). NON-SPECIFIC :- FOR CATION
AND ANIONS
• MOST ARE MADE UP OF INDENTICAL OR VERY SIMILAR
PROTEIN SUBUNITS.
11. K+ CHANNELS
EXAMPLE :- 22. LIGAND GATED 13.SEVERAL TYPE
ARE TETRAMERS
CATIONS AND OF Cl CHANNELS
WITH Four Similar
ANIONS CHANNELS ARE Dimer WITH
PROTEIN SUBUNITS
HAVE Five Identical AN INTERCELLULAR
THROUGH WHICH K+
PROTEIN SUBUNITS. PORE IN EACH
PASS.
SUBUNITS.
 GATED CHANNELS HAVE GATES(PLUGS) THAT OPEN OR CLOSE
EITHER :-

• SOME CHANNELS
• BY CHANGE IN • WHEN THEY BIND
ARE ALSO
MEMBRANE A LIGAND i.e OPENED BY
POTENTIAL either an ion or MECHANICAL
specific
(VOLTAGE STRETCH( MECH
molecule(LIGAND ANOSENSITIVE
GATED) GATED)
• Example:- Na CHANNEL)
• THE LIGAND IS • It plays
and Ca EITHER EXTERNAL important role in
channels. OR INTERNAL cell movement .
Clinical Relevance
1. Glucose Transport: Type 1 Diabetes occurs
when insulin is not properly produced, and
glucose cannot enter cells efficiently. In this case,
facilitated diffusion is impaired.

2. Cystic Fibrosis: Mutations in the CFTR protein

affect chloride ion transport in cells, impairing
facilitated diffusion and leading to thick mucus in
organs, which can cause respiratory and digestive
problems.
 OSMOSI
S
 Osmosis is a type of passive transport that
occurs based on water potential.

 In osmosis, water moves from an area of low

solute concentration to an area of high solute
concentration through a semi-permeable
membrane.

 Osmosis can be categorized into two types

depending on the direction of water
movement:
Endosmosis: When water moves into the cell.
Exosmosis: When water moves out of the cell.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• THE TENDENCY OF MOVEMENT OF SOLVENT
MOLECULES TO PASS ACROSS A MEMBRANE FROM
A LOW CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE TO A REGION A
GREATER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION CAN BE
PREVENTED BY APPLYING PRESSURE TO THE MORE
CONCENTRATED SOLUTION.

• THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE REQUIRED TO PREVENT

SOLVENT MIGRATION IS CALLED OSMOTIC
PRESSURE .
 DIRECTION OF OSMOSIS

• The direction of osmosis depends on the

concentration of the solutes on the two sides of the
cell membrane.
• We have to compare the solution inside the cell to
the solution outside the cell to determine where
more molecules will go.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF A
SOLUTION IS RELATED
1. NUMBER OF PARTICLES
2. TEMPERATURE :- Directly proportional
3. NATURE OF SOLUTE :- The number of
particles solutes dissociates.
 TONICITY :- OSMOLAITY OF A SOLUTION
RELATED TO PLASMA .
IT IS OF FOLLOWING TYPES

HYPERTON HYPOTONI
ISOTONIC IC C

SOLUTION THAT
SOLUTION THAT
HAVE THE SAME SOLUTION THAT
HAVE THE
OSMOLARITY AS HAVE THE LESSER
GREATER
PLASMA. OSMOLARITY
OSMOLARITY
THEN PLASMA THEN PLASMA
EFFECTS OF OSMOSIS ON CELLS
In osmosis, water diffuses through a
semipermeable membrane.

Cell Normal Cell

swells cell shrinks
Clinical Relevance
1.Edema: In cases of fluid imbalance or diseases
like heart failure, kidneys fail to regulate water
balance, leading to edema (swelling) where water
moves into tissues.

2.Dehydration: If the body loses too much

water (due to vomiting, diarrhea, etc.), cells lose
water via osmosis, causing dehydration.
 IMPORTANCE OF
PASSIVE
Cellular Helps in
Nutrient and gas TRANSPORT metabolic
exchange. processe
s

Cellular Energy conservation

Homeostasis
Osmoregulatio
n
THANK
YOU