Statistics

and
Probability
Quarter 4
Week 1
Most Essential Learning Competencies
Illustrates:
(a) null hypothesis
(b) alternative hypothesis 2

(c) level of significance

(d) rejection region
(e) types of errors in hypothesis testing
HELLO!
I am Teacher
CHRISTIAN 3
4
 1.
UNDERSTANDING
HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
“

6
Statistical
Hypothesis
-form of a postulate or
conjecture
-a statement regarding
an unknown population
parameter 7

-it may or may not be

true, and it is
developed for testing
two types : null
hypothesis and
alternative hypothesis
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
-denoted by 𝑯0
Null Hypothesis Alternative

-denoted by 𝑯1
Hypothesis
-a statement of no
difference between -is contradictory to H0
sample means or -an operational
proportions and statement of the 8
population means conjecture that the
-represents what the researcher believes to
researcher doubts to be true and wishes to
be true investigate
-the hypothesis that -is what we conclude
is either rejected or when we reject H0
not rejected
9
Illustrative Examples:
Identify whether the given statement is
a null hypothesis or an alternative
hypothesis.
There is a significant difference
in the academic performances
of Grade 11-Gold and Grade
10
11-Silver students during the
school year 2021-2022. H1

The number of calories for a

serving of banana is unaffected
whether it is latundan or
lacatan. H0
Illustrative Examples:
Grades in school do not
predict a student’s success in
the future. H0

11

The average height of the male

members in Team Mudo is
shorter than the average
height of the male members in
Team Muli. H
1
Here are illustrations of null and alternative hypotheses derived from real-
life problems.
Directions: Write the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.
A generic brand of antihistamine drug markets a capsule with a 50
mL dose. The manufacturer is worried that the machine that fills the
capsules has come out of calibration and is no longer creating
capsules with the appropriate dosage.

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 A social scientist proposed that playing soft music during a test will
favorably change the test result. In the past, the mean test score was
73.
The test result will still 𝑯 : The mean
In words: In symbols:

𝑯0: 𝜇 = 73
0
be the same whether
they do or do not play test score is
soft music during the equal to 73.
test.
The result will be

𝑯𝟏: The mean 𝑯𝟏: 𝜇 > 73

relatively better if
they play soft music
during the test. test score is
(”favorably” indicates greater than 73.
higher mean score) 13
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
-statistical method used in making
statistical decisions using experimental
data
-an assumption that we make about the
population parameter
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-null and alternative hypotheses are
contradictory
-evidence - form of sample data
-two options for decision - “reject 𝐻0 AND
“do not reject 𝐻𝑜” or “fail to reject 𝐻0
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
-we do not “accept the null hypothesis”
because we don’t have all the data about
the population.
statistical test decide whether the null
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hypothesis should be rejected or not
test statistic the numerical value obtained
from a statistical test
Level of significance refers to the degree
of significance in which we accept or reject
the null hypothesis
 also known as the critical
Rejection region
Region (RR) range of values that leads
the statistician to reject the
null hypothesis
16

Non-rejection set of values of the

region test statistic for which
(NRR) the null hypothesis is
not rejected
A test where the region of rejection is on both sides of the
sampling distribution
Alternative hypotheses that are stated using the ≠ sign

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A test of statistical hypothesis where the region of rejection
is on one side only of the sampling distribution.
Alternative hypotheses that are stated using the < or > sign
imply one-tailed tests
 Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Type I -the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it

-denoted by alpha (𝜶)

Error is true

-alpha region-In hypothesis testing, the normal

curve that shows the critical region

-the significance level predetermines the

probability of committing a Type I error in
hypothesis testing
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 Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing

Type II Error -the error committed when we decide not to

reject the null hypothesis when in fact, it is

-denoted by beta (𝜷)

false

beta region- in hypothesis testing, the normal

curve that shows the acceptance region
power of the test = 1 − β

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 Four Possible Outcomes: Testing A Statistical Hypothesis

Illustrative Examples:
Directions: Identify whether the decision is correct or not. If it is not correct,

• 𝐻𝑜 is true and we fail to reject it.

identify whether the error is a Type I or a Type II error. 21

Correct decision
• 𝐻𝑜 was rejected and it was found out to be Correct decision

• 𝐻𝑜 was rejected and it was found It is not a correct decision. A

false.

• 𝐻𝑜 is false and we fail to

out to be true. Type I error (α) was committed.
It is not a correct decision. A
reject it. Type II error (β) was committed.
Statistical Decision for Hypothesis Testing
If the test statistic falls within the rejection
region, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis; otherwise, decline to reject the null
hypothesis
Methods/ Ways of Making Decisions
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Critical Value Approach - use the critical
values separate to rejection region from the
non-rejection region

𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 is less than the significance level,

Probability Value(p-value)- rule is: if the

we reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, do not

reject the null hypothesis
ACTIVITY : Hype Up Your Hypothesis!
Directions: Determine whether each statement is a
null or an alternative hypothesis. If it is an alternative
hypothesis, determine if it is one-tailed or two-tailed.
1. The amount of radiation a desktop
computer emits has no difference to that of a
cellphone. 23

2. The validity of passports in other countries

is shorter than the validity of passports issued
in the Philippines.
3. Korean music and industry are gaining
more popularity than Western music
nowadays.
ACTIVITY : Guess My Type! Directions: Provide
an explanation for the situations below.

1. The researcher failed to reject the null

hypothesis, and it was foundout later that
there was not enough evidence to support
the alternative hypothesis. Was this a correct
decision? 24

2. It was concluded that the social networking

site Facegram is better than Instabook when
in fact, it is no better. What Type of error was
committed?
 UNDERSTANDING MORE
ELEMENTS IN HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
What does the photo on the right
depict?
Hint: It is defined as a method that is
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used in making decisions using
experimental data.

T ES T I N G
Illustrative Examples:Identifying the Parameter to be
Tested Given a Real-life Problem
WTFood Inc. is claiming that their baking time for quick-to-
bake ready mix pies (product A) is less than the average for a
similar product (product B). Jan Miranda, a cooking guru, and
food vlogger, has been offered by the company to advertise
product A. To her experience, she has been doing the same
stuff for years, and it takes her 10 minutes to bake a pie. She
wishes to make sure that the claim of the company is true
before she
accepts the offer.
Let us help Jan Miranda by formulating statistical
Let us consider three possible scenarios.
Scenario 1 Jan Miranda would like to find out if there is a difference
between the mean baking time of the quick-to-bake
ready-mix pie (product A) and the mean baking time of
a similar product (product B). We can represent our null
and alternative hypotheses as follows:
Let us consider three possible scenarios.
Scenario 2 Jan Miranda would like to determine if the mean
baking time of the quick-to-bake ready-mix pies
(product A) is less than the mean baking time of a
similar product (product B). We can represent our null
and alternative hypotheses as follows:
Let us consider three possible scenarios.
Scenario 3 Jan Miranda would like to determine if the mean
baking time of the quick-to-bake ready-mix pies
(product A) is greater than the mean baking time of a
similar product (product B). We can represent our null
and alternative hypotheses as follows:
Thanks for
listening! 31

GOD bless!
 1. What I Know(1-5)
Quarter 4 Week 1 2. What I Can Do
Lesson 2 : Act. 4
Answer the Following: (Choose one only)
Act. 5 (Choose one
32
only)
3. Assessment (1-5)

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