LEARNING

POINTS
Determine
Calculate Calculate
amount of the
Limiting
product percentag
Reagent
(theoretical e yield for
yield) a reaction.
IDENTIFY
ING
LIMITING
 WHAT IS
ASTOICHIOMETRY?
section of chemistry
that involves using
relationships between
reactants and/or
products in a chemical
reaction to determine
desired quantitative
data.
WHAT IS LIMITING
REAGENT?
The reagent that is
completely used up or
reacted.
“Unang mauubos”
 WHAT IS EXCESS
REAGENT?
The reactant that is
not completely used
up when the reaction
is finished.
“May natira”
 Tortang Talong
Recipe
2 eggs + 1 eggplant  1 tortang talong
If you started with 6 eggs and 4 eggplants, how
many tortang talong can you make?
a) How many eggplants would be needed if
all six of the eggs were used?
b) Which of the two ingredients do you think
will be used up first?
c) Which ingredient will have excess?
 Tortang Talong
Recipe
2 eggs + 1 eggplant  1 tortang talong
If you started with 6 eggs and 4 eggplants
d) Suppose you wanted to make Tortang
Talong using the available ingredients, how
many eggs would you need if you have
four Eggplant?
 REMEMBER!!!
In any stoichiometry
problem, you must
ALWAYS start with a
balanced equation.
 WORKED
EXAMPLE:Aluminum
What is the limiting reagent for the following reaction if we start

chloride
with 2.80g of Al (Aluminum) and 4.25g of Cl (Chlorine)?

Al + Cl  AlCl 2 3
STEPS IN DETERMINING LIMITING REAGENT
1. Balance the chemical equation
2. Convert mass (g) into moles (mol)
3. Use the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced reaction to find
the limiting reagent
 METHOD 1:
ACTUAL
1. Calculate the actual RATIO
molar ratio of the
reactants
2. Calculate the
stoichiometric ratio
of the reactants
3. COMPARE the
actual ratio to the
METHOD 2: GUESS
AND
1. Pick one CHECK
of the reactants
and pretend that it is the
limiting reagent.
2. Calculate the moles of
the other reagent needed
based on the moles of
our pretend limiting
reagent.
 METHOD 3:MOLES
OF REACTION
1. One mole of reaction is defined as occurring
when the number of moles given by the
coefficients in your balanced equation react.
2. Solve for mol-rxn for every reactant.
3. The more moles of reaction you have, the
more times the reaction can occur. The
reactant with fewer mol-rxn is the limiting
reagent since the reaction can be carried out
CALCULA
TING
THEORET
 WHAT IS
THEORETICAL
the maximum amount

expect from aYIELD?

of product you would
reaction
based on the amount
of limiting reagent.
 WORKED
EXAMPLE:Aluminum
What is the amount of product formed if we start with 2.80g of Al

chloride
(Aluminum) and 4.25g of Cl (Chlorine)?

2 Al + 3 Cl 2 AlCl 2 3
STEPS IN CALCULATING THEORETICAL YIELD
1. Determine limiting reagent and stoichiometric ratio
2. Calculate theoretical yield in terms of moles
3. Convert moles to mass(g)
CALCULA
TING
PERCENT
 WHAT IS
•
PERCENTAGE
Percentage yield is a • A value of between
measure of how 0-100
much
YIELD?
product
actually made in a
is • If your percent yield
is greater than 100,
reaction. that probably means
• measure of the you calculated or
efficiency of a measured
chemical reaction in something
LOW PERCENTAGE
YIELDS
A reaction can have a
low percentage yield
when product is lost
through spillage or
filtering, side reactions
occur and reactions do
not go to completion.
 INCREASING
PERCENTAGE
Increasing the percentage yield YIELD
of a reaction
can be achieved a number of ways:

Remove Monitor
Use Oven
impurities reaction
from
clean dry
conditio
reactants. glasswa glassw
ns.
re. are.
 CALCULATING THE
PERCENTAGE YIELD
Actual yield
Percentage = x 100
Theoretical yield
yield
The theoretical yield is the maximum possible
mass of a product that can be made in a chemical
reaction and this can be calculated before carrying
out the reaction.
 WORKED
EXAMPLE:Aluminum
What is the amount of product formed if we start with 2.80g of Al

chloride
(Aluminum) and 4.25g of Cl (Chlorine)? What is the percentage
yield if the actual yield is 4.96 g of AlCl 3?

2STEPS
Al IN+CALCULATING
3 Cl2 2 AlCl 3
PERCENTAGE YIELD
1. Determine the theoretical yield in terms of mass (g)
2. Calculate percentage yield
 WORKED
EXAMPLE:COPPER
Copper oxide reacts with sulfuric acid. Copper sulfate and water

SULFATE
are made. In an experiment, 1.6 g of dry copper sulfate crystals
are made. The theoretical yield is 2.0 g. Calculate the percentage
yield of copper sulfate.

Actual yield (1.6 g)

Percentage = Theoretical yield
x 100 =
yield 80%
(2.0 g)
 QUESTI
ON
In an reaction, the calculated theoretical
yield is 6.4 g but the actual yield of the
reaction is only 4.8 g. Calculate the
percentage yield.
ANS
WER
4.8 g
x
6.4 g
100
=
75%
 ACTIVIT
Y
Directions: Answer the following questions
below. Use three significant figures in your

1. Consider the following reaction: 2𝐴𝑙 + 6𝐻B𝑟

computation and final answer.

→ 2 𝐴𝑙𝐵𝑟3 + 3𝐻2
a. When 3.22 moles of Al react with 4.96
moles of HBr, how many moles of H2 are
formed?
 ACTIVIT
Y
Directions: Answer the following questions
below. Use three significant figures in your

2. Consider the following reaction: 3𝑆𝑖 + 2𝑁2

computation and final answer.

→ 𝑆𝑖3𝑁4

moles of N2, how many moles of 𝑆𝑖3𝑁4 are

a. When 21.44 moles of Si react with 17.62

formed?
THANK
YOU
FOR