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Standard Representation for Logic Functions (1)

The presentation covers digital logic design, focusing on Sum of Products (SOP) and Product of Sums (POS) forms for representing logic functions. It discusses the use of Karnaugh Maps (K-maps) for simplifying logic functions and the limitations of K-maps with increasing input variables, highlighting the need for automated tools for larger functions. Additionally, it reviews fundamental logic gates and their roles in building complex digital circuits.

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sashi P
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20 views

Standard Representation for Logic Functions (1)

The presentation covers digital logic design, focusing on Sum of Products (SOP) and Product of Sums (POS) forms for representing logic functions. It discusses the use of Karnaugh Maps (K-maps) for simplifying logic functions and the limitations of K-maps with increasing input variables, highlighting the need for automated tools for larger functions. Additionally, it reviews fundamental logic gates and their roles in building complex digital circuits.

Uploaded by

sashi P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presentation

On Digital Logic
Design
-BY
DEEPIKA.P
VU22EECE0100129
SOP and POS
Sum of Products Product of Sums
(SOP) (POS)
The POS form expresses a logic function as the product
In the SOP form, a logic function is represented as the (logical AND) of one or more sum terms (logical OR).
sum (logical OR) of one or more product terms (logical This representation is often used for simplifying logic
AND). This representation is useful for implementing functions, as it can reveal common factors and lead to
logic circuits using AND and OR gates, as it directly more efficient circuit designs.
maps to the physical structure of the circuit.
SOP
𝑓 (𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶) = 𝐴’𝐵 + 𝐵’C
= 𝐴’𝐵 (𝐶 + 𝐶’) + 𝐵’𝐶 (𝐴 + 𝐴’)
= 𝐴’𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴’𝐵𝐶’+ 𝐴𝐵’𝐶 + 𝐴’𝐵’C
Value of Minterm = 1
Sum of minterms whose value is equal to 1 is the
standard sum of products form of the function.
POS

𝑓 (𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶) = (𝐴’+ 𝐵’)(𝐴 + 𝐵)


= (𝐴’+ 𝐵’ + 𝐶𝐶’)(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶’)
= (𝐴’+ 𝐵’ + 𝐶)(𝐴’+ 𝐵’ + 𝐶’)(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶)(𝐴 + 𝐵 +
𝐶’)
A sum term which contains each of the n variables in
either complemented or uncomplemented form is
called a maxterm. Maxterms are denoted as M0 ,
M1 , M2 , …, f(A,B,C) = M0M1M6M7
Simplification Using K-Maps
Limitations of K-
1 K-Map 2 Advantages of K- 3 Maps
Simplification
Karnaugh maps (K-maps) are a Map Simplification While K-maps are effective for
powerful tool for simplifying K-map simplification can up to 4 or 5 input variables,
logic functions. By leveraging reduce the number of logic they become less practical for
the adjacency and grouping of gates required, decrease larger functions. In such cases,
1's in the K-map, you can circuit complexity, and alternative simplification
identify and eliminate improve overall system methods, such as Boolean
redundant terms, leading to performance. It is particularly algebra or Quine-McCluskey
more compact and efficient useful for functions with a algorithms, may be more
logic expressions. small number of input suitable.
variables, where the visual
representation and grouping
of terms become more
3-Variable K-Map
1 Input Variables
A 3-variable K-map consists of 8 cells, each representing a unique combination of the three input variables (A, B, and C).

2 Grouping and
Simplification
By identifying and grouping the '1' cells in the K-map, you can derive the simplified Boolean expression for the logic function, minimizing the number of terms and gates required.

3 Applications
3-variable K-maps are commonly used to design and optimize small-scale digital circuits, such as basic logic gates, multiplexers, and decoders, where simplicity and efficiency are
crucial.
4-Variable K-Map
Increased Adjacency and Grouping
Complexity
A 4-variable K-map consists of 16 cells, providing a more complex representation of logic The key to simplifying a 4-variable K-map is to recognize the adjacency of cells and group
functions with four input variables. The increased number of cells and potential groupings them strategically. This allows you to identify and eliminate redundant terms, leading to
require more careful analysis to identify the optimal simplification. more efficient Boolean expressions.

Applications Limitations
4-variable K-maps are widely used in the design of medium-scale digital circuits, such as As the number of input variables increases, the K-map becomes more unwieldy, and
adders, multipliers, and combinational logic circuits, where the balance between alternative simplification methods, such as Boolean algebra or software tools, may be
complexity and optimization is crucial. more practical for larger logic functions.
5-Variable K-Map

Input Variables Simplification Challenges Automated Tools


A 5-variable K-map consists of 32 cells, Simplifying a 5-variable K-map requires a For 5-variable and larger logic functions,
representing all possible combinations of more complex and systematic approach, automated tools and software algorithms
the five input variables (A, B, C, D, and as the number of potential groupings become essential, as manual K-map
E). and the need to balance multiple terms simplification becomes increasingly
increases significantly. difficult and time-consuming.
Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT
AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate

The AND gate is a fundamental logic gate that The OR gate outputs a 1 (true) if any of its The NOT gate, also known as the inverter, is a
outputs a 1 (true) if and only if all its inputs are inputs are 1 (true). It represents the logical unary logic gate that produces an output that is
1 (true). It is represented by the logical addition (disjunction) of its inputs, where the the logical complement of its input. It flips the
multiplication (conjunction) of its inputs. output is true if at least one input is true. logic state, outputting a 1 if the input is 0, and
vice versa.
Logic Gates: NAND, NOR

NAND Gate NOR Gate Versatility


The NAND gate is the complement The NOR gate is the complement NAND and NOR gates are widely
of the AND gate, outputting a 0 of the OR gate, outputting a 1 used in digital electronics due to
(false) only when all its inputs are (true) only when all its inputs are their versatility and the ease with
1 (true). It is a universal gate, 0 (false). Like the NAND gate, the which they can be implemented in
meaning that any logic function NOR gate is also a universal gate, hardware. They form the building
can be implemented using only capable of implementing any logic blocks for more complex logic
NAND gates. function. circuits and systems.
Logic Gates: NAND,
NOR
Logic Gates: EX-OR, EX-NOR

EX-OR Gate EX-NOR Gate


The exclusive OR (EX-OR) gate outputs a 1 (true) if and only if The exclusive NOR (EX-NOR) gate is the complement of the EX-
exactly one of its inputs is 1 (true). It is useful for OR gate, outputting a 1 (true) if and only if all its inputs are
implementing parity checking, binary addition, and other the same (either all 0 or all 1). It is often used for equality
applications where the output should be true when the number comparisons and error detection in digital systems.
Key Takeaways
Standard Representations Logic functions can be expressed in standard forms,
such as Sum of Products (SOP) and Product of Sums
(POS), each with its own advantages.

Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps) K-maps are a powerful tool for simplifying logic
functions, especially for small-to-medium scale
circuits with up to 5 input variables.

Fundamental Logic Gates The basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-
OR, EX-NOR) form the building blocks for more
complex digital circuits and systems.

Optimization and Automation As the complexity of logic functions increases,


automated tools and software algorithms become
essential for efficient simplification and optimization.
THANK YOU!

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