Presentation, Analysis and

Interpretation of Data
Objectives
After studying this lesson you are expected to:
1.Be able to present the results of your
collected data.
2.Make good analysis of the tabulated or
graphically presented data,
3.Make effective interpretation of the
data/finding/results, and
4.Draw implications or inferences and
generations from the analysis and
interpretation of findings.
Reference: Padama, E. (22 May, 2022). CHAPTER 4: PAANO ISULAT ANG PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA (WITH
SAMPLE) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9PgCB0y_F0
 This chapter presents
the findings of the
study.
Presentation should be clear and
scholarly done and may come in the form of
tables, figures or charts. Analysis refers to
the skill of the researcher in describing,
delineating similarities and differences,
highlighting the significant findings or data
and ability to extract information or
messages out of the presented data.
Interpretation is the explanation or
suggestions inferred from the data, their
Lesson 1: Presentation of findings
Two forms of communicating your findings in
research:
Verbal – describes and narrates to readers
what the researcher has done and the results
that he or she has obtained

Symbolic – uses graphic representation,

tables or statistical values.
The Format
The immediate purpose of writing a research
report is to tell other scientists about your
work, about the new knowledge you have
discovered. The research report should be
clear enough that any scientist could
replicate your study without telephoning you
to ask for details. In addition, the research
must be explained clearly enough that a
scientist could evaluate its merits and flaws,
solely on the basis of the written word.
The American Psychological Association
(APA) Format or style
The APA Style is the format approved by the Open
University Academic Council to be adopted at the PUP
Open University, however, in the Graduate School,
each discipline has a preferred format. The Public
Administration Programs use the APA Format.
The American Psychological Association (APA) has
strict guidelines for the editorial style and
organizational format of written research reports.
There are accepted conventions for the mechanics of
writing the report. For example, how will you write
the title of your table? Should the table number be
written in Arabic or Roman numeral? Will the title be
indented and in capital letters or in small letters
except the first letter of the key words? A more
Organization of your presentation
The organization of the presentation and interpretation of
findings vary according to the research method used. In
descriptive research, especially the survey type, the
presentation of results follow a pattern. The findings
presented will follow the sequence of the sub-problems raised
in Chapter 1. It would be a good idea if reports assist in the
analysis, interpretation and clarification of the next materials.
Properly chosen, carefully drawn, and accurately presented,
they can make many of the statements appearing in the body
of the report more meaningful.
Do not present your findings by recasting your sub-problems
in Chapter 1. Remember that your whole Chapter 4 is the
exposition of the answers of findings to your research
questions specially stated in Chapter 1. Your answers become
the subheadings of your Chapter 4.
Examples:
For Research Problem 1. What is the profile of the
respondents in terms of age, sex, educational attainment,
civil status and position? Your subheading in Chapter 4
should be:
1. Profile of the Respondents In Terms of Age, Sex,
Educational Attainment, Civil Status and Position

For research Problem No. 2

What is the leadership styles of the local government
officials in manila as assessed by the officials themselves
and their subordinates, using the following five
dimensions of McPhee Andrewartha’s Rating scale: 2.1
Focus,2.2 Emphasis 2.3 Relationship, 2.4 timing and 2.5
Thinking
The External Format
The use of tables and graph
 Tables and graphs are both ways to organize
and arrange data so that it is more easily
understood by the viewer.
 Tables and graphs are related in the sense
that the information used in tables is
frequently also used for the basis of graphs.
 When designing table, keep the format clear and
simple. Line up decimal places, note units clearly,
use a large enough typeface and construct a clean
orderly arrangement of rows and columns.

 Bar graphs are an excellent way to show the

results that are one time, that are not continuous—
especially samplings such as surveys and
inventories.

 Bar graphs are used to get an overall idea or

trends in responses which categories get, many
versus few responses.
• Bars in a graph should be wider than
the spaces between them.
• All bars should be of equal width, and
all spaces including the space
between the axis and the first bar,
should be equal of width.
• Bars should be neither very thin nor
very wide.
• Use the same color for all the bars in
a graph that are in a single data set.
• Use different fill colors for positive
and negative values.
• Line graph is most useful in
displaying data or information that
change continuously over time.
The column graph is more similar
Circle or pie graphs are particularly
good illustrations when considering
how many parts of a whole are
inception.
Each slice should be easily
distinguished from the rest and clearly
labeled.
Use 6 or fewer slices in a graph.
Emphasize a slice in a pie graph by
exploding it or by choosing a color
different from the rest of the slices.
Number of segments or slices in a pie
graph should be limited to those that
can be seen and labeled.
Components that are too small to be shown
individually can be grouped into one
segment labeled other or miscellaneous.
The largest segment conventionally begins
at 1200 or at a quarter hour and runs
clockwise. Remaining segments continue
clockwise.
The most important slice is in the upper-
right quadrant.
Other Conventions Regarding
Graphics
1. Keep graphics simple. Design the graphic to
help others understand your point.
2. Simplify your data
3. Use consistent symbols
4. Avoid special effects if they do not enhance the
point to be made.
 Tables
Tables are numbered consecutively in Arabic
numeral. Table number should be written at the
top and the caption should be placed at the
bottom just right above the table box.
In typing tables, never cut table in two pages. You
may decrease the size of the font of your table to
fit the size in a short coupon bond or you may
use landscape so that you will have one table in
a page. Avoid enlarging the font size of your
table in order to fit in such page.
Caption, Labels And Lines
Table caption should be the same as that which
appears in the list of tables. It is placed above
the table unlike that which is used in figures.
The caption should tell in precise terms what
the table contains.
Proper Format
Table 1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the
Respondents According to Age

APA format
Table 1. Frequency and percentage
distribution of the respondents according to
age.
Other Rules in Caption
1. No terminal punctuation.
2. Unusual abbreviation are not allowed in the
table, if necessary, put a legend at the
bottom of the table.
3. Captions should be worded as concisely as
clarity permits.
4. When a table is placed broadside on a page
the caption should be on the binding side.
5. Be consistent in label size, font and style.
The Internal Format
A horizontal line should be placed one space
below the last line of the caption. Below the
line are the box headings-descriptive
headings for each column heading and
headings are centered between the vertical
lines that enclosed them. One space at least
should be allowed on either side of each
heading.
 Example

Table 2
Title

BOXHEAD

Stub Head Column Column Column Column

Head Head Head Head

Sapanner

Stub Field or Body

Column
 Factory
BLPO Personnel TOTAL
Sex Owners/Managers
1 % 1 % 1 %
Male 9 69.23 78 65 87 65.41
Female 4 30.77 42 35 46 34.59
Total 13 100 120 100 133 100
Age in years
19-28 0 0 14 11.67 14 10.53
29-39 9 69.23 36 30.00 45 33.83
40-49 3 23.08 61 50.83 64 48.12
50 and above 0 0 3 2.50 3 2.26

No. Response 1 7.69 6 5.00 7 5.26

Total 13 100 120 100 133 100
Columns that consist of words are placed on the
left and those that consist of numbers
particularly those with decimals should be
aligned and at least one space should be left on
each side of the largest number in the column.
 Table 4
The Extent Of Behavioral Development Of The
Grade One Pupils During The School Year
According To Sex

Are Male Female Total

as
Mean Mean Mean Rate of
Increase
1st Last Increas % 1st Last Increas % 1st Last Increas %
recordi recordi e recordi recordi e recordi recordi e
ng ng ng ng ng ng

Physic 2.74 3.69 .95 19 2.72 3.84 3.84 1.12 22.4 2.73 3.73 3.78
al

Emotio 2.58 3.67 1.09 21.8 2.54 3.78 1.24 24.8 2.56 3.72 1.16 23.2
n-al
 Lines
The line at the bottom of the table is omitted on
all the pages except the last when a table is
continued in a series of pages.
Vertical lines are used for grouping, separating
closely spaced columns. When two equal
parts of the table are placed side by side,
double vertical lines should be placed between
them. Horizontal lines are not usually placed
between lines of items in typed tables.
Figure (Chart, Graph And Illustration)
These should be done judiciously. The research
reporter must ask himself the following
questions: is the illustration necessary? Does
it simply repeat what the text said?
Illustrative materials shall be called figures.
The figure number and caption should be
centered below the illustration. An Arabic
numeral is written after the word “Figure”
followed by a period.
The caption should be brief and explanatory.
Size and Proportion of Figure
Figures should not be larger than 8 ½ x 11 inches or
smaller than 2x2 inches. Figures of equal importance
in the report should be approximately equal size.
Smaller size photographs may be mounted two or
more to a page or regular typing paper. If
photographs are
8 ½ x 11 inches in size, they need not to be
mounted.
If the detail is not shown in an illustration, it is
recommended that the original drawing be made
much larger than the page’s size and then reduce
page size by photography.
Placement and Paging
As with tables, illustrations or figures should
follow as closely as possible the first references
to them in the text. On the four sides of a page
carrying illustrative materials, a margin of least
one inch should be allowed. The figure caption,
descriptive matter and legends should fall
within the margin.
In case of illustration or figures occupying half or
less than half a page, textual material may be
typed on the same page. In no case should less
than five lines of typewritten text be put in the
same page as an illustration.
Lesson 2: Analysis of Data or Findings
In analyzing data, stress only those important
result that gives information that could
answer the problem you raised or posed in
your study which you stated in Chapter 1. you
highlight only those important and unique
findings. You have to be consistent and
coherent in your approach as well as logical,
based on certain academic conventions.
Lesson 3: Interpretation of Findings/Results,
Implications and Inferences
Sufficient data should be used to justify your
inferences or generalizations. The implications
suggested by the data should be explained and
discussed thoroughly in this portion of your thesis or
dissertation.
The data analysis involves comparing values on the
dependent measures in statistical cases. In the non
statistical approach, these comparisons usually
involve visual inspection of data. Evaluation depends
on projecting from baseline data what findings
would be like in the future if some variables were
not experimented.