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Copy of 2. Substitution

The document covers mathematical concepts related to substitution, simplification of expressions, and the laws of indices. It includes exercises for evaluating expressions, working with like terms, expanding expressions, and applying index notation. Additionally, it discusses operations with negative and fractional indices, providing examples and exercises for practice.

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algebra3014
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14 views

Copy of 2. Substitution

The document covers mathematical concepts related to substitution, simplification of expressions, and the laws of indices. It includes exercises for evaluating expressions, working with like terms, expanding expressions, and applying index notation. Additionally, it discusses operations with negative and fractional indices, providing examples and exercises for practice.

Uploaded by

algebra3014
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

2 Substitution
Expressions have different values depending on what numbers you substitute for the
variables.
example : waiters get paid $5 per hour. ------- 5h
• If he work 6 hours, you get paid 5 × 6 = $30.
• If he work 10 hours, you get paid 5 × 10 = $50.
Exercise 2.2
1 Evaluate the following expressions for x = 3

g. x2 + 7 h. x3 + x2
3 Work out the value of y in each formula when:
i. x = 0 ii. x = 3 iii. x = 4 iv. x = 10 v. x = 50
4. A sandwich costs $3 and a drink costs $2.
a. Write an expression to show the total cost of buying x sandwiches and y drinks.

b. Find the total cost of:


i. four sandwiches and three drinks

ii. 20 sandwiches and 20 drinks

iii. 100 sandwiches and 25 drinks.


5. The formula for finding the perimeter of a rectangle is P = 2(l + b), where l represents the
length and b represents the breadth of the rectangle.Find the perimeter of a rectangle if:
a. the length is 12 cm and the breadth is 9 cm

b. the length is 2.5 m and the breadth is 1.5 m

c. the length is 20 cm and the breadth is half as long

d. the breadth is 2 cm and the length is the cube of the breadth.


6. a Find the value of the expression n2 + n + 41 when:

i. n = 1 ii. n = 3 iii. n = 5 iv. n = 10

b What do you notice about all of your answers?

c Why is this diff erent when n = 41 ?


2.3 Simplifying expressions

● The parts of an algebraic expression are called terms.


● Terms are separated from each other by + or − signs.
➔ So a + b is an expression with two terms,
➔ ab is an expression with only one term
➔ is an expression with three terms.

Adding and subtracting like terms


● Terms with exactly the same variables are called like terms.
➔2a and 4a are like terms;
➔ 3xy2 and −xy2 are like terms.
➔(x × y = y × x).
Like terms can be added or subtracted to simplify algebraic expressions.
Exercise 2.3
1. Identify the like terms in each set.
a. 6x, −2y, 4x, x b. x, −3y, ¼ y, -5y c. ab, 4b, −4ba, 6a

d. 2, −2x, 3xy, 3x, −2y e. 5a, 5ab, ab, 6a, 5 f. −1xy, −yx, −2y, 3, 3x

2. Simplify by adding or subtracting like terms.


4 Simplify as far as possible:
5. Write an expression for the perimeter (P) of each of the following shapes and then simplify it
to give P in the simplest possible terms.
Multiplying and dividing in expressions
Terms can be simplified without × or ÷ signs.
2.4 Working with bracket

When an expression has brackets, you normally have to remove the brackets before you can
simplify the expression. Removing the brackets is called expanding the expression.

x (y + z) = xy + xz
x (y − z) = xy − xz
Expanding and collecting like terms
Index notation and products of prime factors
On.Exercise 2.7
1. Write each expression using index notation
4. Write several square numbers as products of prime factors, using index notation. What is
true about the index needed for each prime?

The laws of indices


● Multiplying the same base number with different indices

In the first multiplication, 3 is the ‘base’ number and in the second, x is the ‘base’ number.

When you multiply index expressions with the same base you can add the indices:
Dividing the same base number with different indices

When you divide index expressions with the same base you can subtract the indices:
The power 0
You should remember that any value divided by itself gives 1.

Any value to the power 0 is equal to 1. So


Raising a power

When you have to raise a power to another power you multiply the indices:
Exercise 2.8
1. Simplify:

2. Simplify:
3. Simplify:
4. Use the appropriate laws of indices to simplify these expressions.
Negative indices
what does it mean if an index is negative?
Exercise 2.9
1. Evaluate:

2. State whether the following are true or false.

3. Write each expression so it has only positive indices.


4 Simplify. Write your answer using only positive indices.
Fractional indices
The laws of indices also apply when the index is a fraction.

Use the law of indices


and add the powers.

Use the law of indices


and add the powers.
A non-unit fraction has a numerator (the number on top) that is not 1.
For example, are non-unit fractions.

Dealing with non-unit fractions


Sometimes you may have to work with indices that are non-unit fractions. For example
2. Simplify:
3. Find the value of x in each of these equations.

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