OPERATION AND EXPRESSION IN C++

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Basic Arithmetic Operation
• Arithmetic is performed with operators
– + for addition
– - for subtraction
– * for multiplication
– / for division

• Example: storing a product in the variable

total_weight

total_weight = one_weight * number_of_bars;

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Arithmetic Expression
• Arithmetic operators can be used with any
numeric type
• An operand is a number or variable
used by the operator
• Result of an operator depends on the types
of operands
– If both operands are int, the result is int
– If one or both operands are double, the result is double

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Arithmetic Expression (cont.)
• Division with at least one operator of type double
produces the expected results.

double divisor, dividend, quotient;

divisor = 3;
dividend = 5;
quotient = dividend / divisor;

– quotient = 1.6666…
– Result is the same if either dividend or divisor is
of type int

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Arithmetic Expression (cont.)
• Be careful with the division operator!
– int / int produces an integer result
(true for variables or numeric constants)

int dividend, divisor, quotient;

dividend = 5;
divisor = 3;
quotient = dividend / divisor;

– The value of quotient is 1, not 1.666…

– Integer division does not round the result, the
fractional part is discarded!

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Arithmetic Expression (cont.)
• % operator gives the remainder from integer
division
• int dividend, divisor, remainder;
dividend = 5;
divisor = 3;
remainder = dividend % divisor;

The value of remainder is 2

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Arithmetic Expression (cont.)

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Arithmetic Expression (cont.)

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Arithmetic Expression (cont.)
• Use spacing to make expressions readable
– Which is easier to read?

x+y*z or x + y * z

• Precedence rules for operators are the same as

used in your algebra classes
• Use parentheses to alter the order of operations
x + y * z ( y is multiplied by z first)
(x + y) * z ( x and y are added first)

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Arithmetic Expression (cont.)
• Some expressions occur so often that C++
contains shorthand operators for them
• All arithmetic operators can be used this way
– += eg. count = count + 2; becomes
count += 2;
– *= eg. bonus = bonus * 2; becomes
bonus *= 2;
– /= eg. time = time / rush_factor; becomes
time /= rush_factor;
– %= eg. remainder = remainder % (cnt1+ cnt2); becomes
remainder %= (cnt1 + cnt2);

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Assignment Statement
• An assignment statement changes the value of a variable
– total_weight = one_weight + number_of_bars;
• total_weight is set to the sum one_weight + number_of_bars

– Assignment statements end with a semi-colon

– The single variable to be changed is always on the left

of the assignment operator ‘=‘

– On the right of the assignment operator can be

• Constants -- age = 21;
• Variables -- my_cost = your_cost;
• Expressions -- circumference = diameter * 3.14159;

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Assignment Statement (cont.)
• The ‘=‘ operator in C++ is not an equal sign
– The following statement cannot be true in algebra

• number_of_bars = number_of_bars + 3;

– In C++ it means the new value of number_of_bars

is the previous value of number_of_bars plus 3

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Assignment Statement (cont.) –
Initializing Variables
• Declaring a variable does not give it a value
– Giving a variable its first value is initializing the variable
• Variables are initialized in assignment statements

double mpg; // declare the variable

mpg = 26.3; // initialize the variable
• Declaration and initialization can be combined
using two methods
– Method 1
double mpg = 26.3, area = 0.0 , volume;
– Method 2
double mpg(26.3), area(0.0), volume;

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Relational Operation
• A Boolean Expression is an expression that is
either true or false
– Boolean expressions are evaluated using
relational operations such as
• = = , !=, < , >, <=, and >= which produce a boolean value
– and boolean operations such as
• &&, | |, and ! which also produce a boolean value
• Type bool allows declaration of variables that
carry the value true or false

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Relational Operation (cont.)
• Boolean expressions are evaluated using
values from the Truth Tables
• For example, if y is 8, the expression
!( ( y < 3) | | ( y > 7) )
is evaluated in the following sequence
! ( false | | true )
! ( true )
false

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16
Mantic/Logic Operation – Order of
Precedence
• If parenthesis are omitted from boolean
expressions, the default precedence of
operations is:
– Perform ! operations first
– Perform relational operations such as < next
– Perform && operations next
– Perform | | operations last

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Mantic/Logic Operation –Precedence
Rules
• Items in expressions are grouped by
precedence
rules for arithmetic and boolean operators
– Operators with higher precedence are performed
first
– Binary operators with equal precedence are
performed left to right
– Unary operators of equal precedence are
performed right to left

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19
Precedence Rules - Example
• The expression
(x+1) > 2 | | (x + 1) < -3

is equivalent to
( (x + 1) > 2) | | ( ( x + 1) < -3)

– Because > and < have higher precedence than | |

• and is also equivalent to

x+1>2||x+1<-3
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Precedence Rules – Example (cont.)
• (x+1) > 2 | | (x + 1) < -3

• First apply the unary –

– Next apply the +'s
– Now apply the > and <
– Finally do the | |

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Unary Operator
• Unary operators require only one operand
– + in front of a number such as +5
– - in front of a number such as -5
• ++ increment operator
– Adds 1 to the value of a variable
x ++;
is equivalent to x = x + 1;
• -- decrement operator
– Subtracts 1 from the value of a variable
x --;
is equivalent to x = x – 1;

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Program Style
• A program written with attention to style
– is easier to read
– easier to correct
– easier to change

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Program Style - Indenting
• Items considered a group should look like a
group
– Skip lines between logical groups of statements
– Indent statements within statements
if (x = = 0)
statement;
• Braces {} create groups
– Indent within braces to make the group clear
– Braces placed on separate lines are easier to locate

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Program Style - Comments
• // is the symbol for a single line comment
– Comments are explanatory notes for the programmer
– All text on the line following // is ignored by the
compiler
– Example: //calculate regular wages
gross_pay = rate * hours;
• /* and */ enclose multiple line comments
– Example: /* This is a comment that spans
multiple lines without a
comment symbol on the middle line
*/

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Program Style - Constant
• Number constants have no mnemonic value
• Number constants used throughout a program
are difficult to find and change when needed
• Constants
– Allow us to name number constants so they have
meaning
– Allow us to change all occurrences simply by
changing the value of the constant

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