DSTATCOM (FACTS

& HVDC)
BY: MUKTAK DEEP
PRACHI KUMARI
SUDARSHAN RAVINDRAN
ABISHEK AADITYA A
AGENDA
Introduction
Why DSTATCOM for Distribution Systems ?
DSTATCOM Block Diagram
DSTATCOM Working Principle
Control Techniques in DSTATCOM
Mathematical Model of DSTATCOM
Applications of DSTATCOM
Case Study
Advantages & Limitations of DSTATCOM
Future Scope of DSTATCOM
Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION
What is DSTATCOM?
A DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Synchronous
Compensator) is a shunt-connected power electronic device
used in distribution networks to regulate voltage, improve
power factor, and compensate reactive power dynamically.
It is a type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)
device, specifically designed for improving power quality in
low-voltage and medium-voltage distribution systems.

Key Functions of DSTATCOM:

•Provides fast voltage regulation in distribution networks.
•Improves power factor by injecting or absorbing reactive
power.
•Mitigates harmonics by countering distortions from
nonlinear loads.
•Balances loads by providing reactive power compensation.
DSTATCOM operates by controlling the output voltage
magnitude and phase angle relative to the system voltage.
By doing so, it injects or absorbs reactive power
dynamically into the system.
Why is DSTATCOM Needed?
In distribution systems, power quality issues arise due to different factors,
affecting industrial and commercial loads. Some of the key challenges
include:

1. Voltage Fluctuations
Sudden load changes, especially in industries, cause voltage dips and surges.
Renewable energy sources (solar, wind) cause voltage instability.
DSTATCOM stabilizes voltage dynamically by injecting reactive power when
required.

2. Low Power Factor

Inductive loads such as motors and transformers cause lagging power factor,
increasing losses.
Low power factor leads to higher energy consumption penalties.
DSTATCOM improves power factor by generating leading reactive power to
compensate for lagging power factors.

3. Harmonics in Distribution Networks

Nonlinear loads such as inverters, rectifiers, and electric vehicle chargers
inject harmonics, distorting the system voltage and current waveforms.
Excessive harmonics cause overheating and damage to sensitive equipment.
DSTATCOM, equipped with appropriate filters, can mitigate harmonics and
improve power quality.
4. Load Unbalance in Three-Phase Systems
Unequal loading causes voltage and current imbalance, leading to neutral
current flow, overheating, and losses.
How DSTATCOM Helps?
DSTATCOM, using a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and DC-link capacitor, acts
as a controlled voltage source. It adjusts output voltage magnitude and phase
to provide real-time reactive power compensation, balancing loads effectively.
WHY DSTATCOM FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS?
DSTATCOM ENHANCES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS BY REGULATING VOLTAGE, IMPROVING
POWER FACTOR, AND SUPPORTING RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION. IT
OUTPERFORMS SVC WITH FASTER RESPONSE, HIGHER EFFICIENCY, AND A COMPACT
DESIGN.

Why is DSTATCOM Better?

 Faster Response: Uses VSCs for instant reactive power control, unlike
thyristor-based SVCs.
 Dynamic Compensation: Rapidly injects or absorbs reactive power, ideal
for fluctuating loads.
 Compact & Modular: Smaller and easier to integrate into substations than
bulky SVCs.
Applications of DSTATCOM in Distribution
Networks

• Voltage Regulation: Stabilizes voltage in weak grids, especially in rural areas.

• Power Factor Correction: Compensates for lagging power factor in industries, reducing
penalties.
• Renewable Energy Integration: Mitigates voltage fluctuations from solar and wind
power.
• EV Charging Stations: Manages fast charging loads and reduces harmonics.
• Mathematical Basis: Operates by injecting reactive power for voltage regulation.
DSTATCOM BLOCK DIAGRAM
A SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DSTATCOM IN A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IS SHOWN BELOW:

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Explanation of Key Components 5. Buses (B1, B2, B3)
•Act as interconnection points within the system.
1. Programmable Voltage Source •Distribute power to different sections, ensuring
•Simulates a 25-kV, 1000 MVA grid power supply. efficient load sharing.

•Provides a stable voltage reference to ensure 6. 3 MW, 0.2 Mvar Load

system stability. •Represents an industrial load with a lagging power
factor.
2. 25-kV, 1000 MVA System •Causes voltage drops and reactive power demand,
•Represents a high-voltage distribution network. affecting overall system stability.
7. D-STATCOM (±3 Mvar)
•Supplies power through feeders and buses while •The primary voltage regulation device in the system.
maintaining voltage stability. •Injects or absorbs reactive power to stabilize voltage
at Bus B3.
3. 21-km Feeder •Consists of a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and a
DC-link capacitor to facilitate rapid compensation.
•Simulates a long distribution line with impedance.
8. Transformer (25 kV / 600 V)
•Contributes to voltage drops and power losses •Steps down voltage for low-voltage loads.
while transferring power to Bus B1 and further to •Helps assess the effectiveness of the D-STATCOM in
Bus B2. voltage improvement.
9. Variable Load (1 MW)
4. 2-km Feeder •Simulates changing power demand.
•Evaluates the D-STATCOM’s performance in
•Represents a shorter segment of the distribution
compensating for voltage variations.
system. 10. Data Acquisition & Monitoring
•Introduces additional voltage drop and power loss, •Collects voltage, current, power, and reactive power
further impacting system performance. data. 9
•Monitors system response through waveform analysis.
DSTATCOM WORKING PRINCIPLE

A DSTATCOM regulates voltage at the Point of Common Coupling

(PCC) by injecting or absorbing reactive power using a Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI).
Reactive Power Injection Mechanism:
The DSTATCOM adjusts the voltage magnitude and phase angle of its
output relative to the grid voltage to control the reactive power
exchange.
Reactive Power Injection Mechanism:
• If DSTATCOM voltage > Grid voltage, it injects reactive power
(capacitive mode).
• If DSTATCOM voltage < Grid voltage, it absorbs reactive power
(inductive mode).
This ensures voltage stability, power factor correction, and reactive
power compensation in distribution networks.

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 Vector Diagram Representation
A phasor diagram is used to visualize the reactive power exchange:
1. Capacitive Mode:
o The DSTATCOM current leads the PCC voltage by 90 degrees.
o Voltage at the DSTATCOM is higher than the PCC voltage.
o The system receives lagging reactive power, which helps boost
voltage.
2. Inductive Mode:
o The DSTATCOM current lags the PCC voltage by 90 degrees.
o Voltage at the DSTATCOM is lower than the PCC voltage.
o The system receives leading reactive power, which helps reduce
voltage.

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DSTATCOM CONTROL
TECHNIQUES
DSTATCOM requires an effective control strategy to regulate voltage and reactive power dynamically.
Several control techniques are used to achieve fast response, high accuracy, and system stability.

1. PI Controller (Proportional-Integral Controller)

Working Principle:
The PI controller is a classical control method that adjusts the DSTATCOM’s output based on the error
between the reference voltage and the actual system voltage.
Equation:

Where:

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Advantages:
Simple to implement

Effective for steady-state voltage control

Eliminates steady-state error

Disadvantages:
Slow dynamic response during sudden voltage changes
May not handle highly nonlinear systems well

2. Hysteresis Current Control

Working Principle:
The hysteresis control method ensures that the current remains within a predefined hysteresis band.
The DSTATCOM injects or absorbs reactive power when the current crosses these limits.
Equation:

Where:

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Advantages:
Fast dynamic response

Simple implementation

Automatically adjusts to voltage variations

Disadvantages:
High switching frequency increases losses
May cause variable switching frequency, affecting system stability

3. Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC)

Working Principle:
Fuzzy logic controllers use rule-based decision-making instead of mathematical models. The control
system interprets input variables using linguistic rules like IF-THEN conditions to determine the
required control action.
Steps in Fuzzy Logic Control:
1. Fuzzification: Converts numerical input data (voltage error, rate of change) into linguistic variables
(e.g., low, medium, high).
2. Rule Base & Inference Engine: Uses a set of IF-THEN rules to determine the control action.
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3. Defuzzification: Converts the fuzzy output back into a numerical control signal for the inverter.
Control Block Diagram:
A typical FLC diagram includes:
Inputs: Voltage error and rate of change
Fuzzification stage: Converts inputs into fuzzy values
Rule-based decision-making: Determines correction
Defuzzification stage: Outputs precise control signals

Advantages:
No need for an exact mathematical model

Adaptive to nonlinear systems

Robust against parameter variations

Disadvantages:
Requires expert knowledge to design rules
Higher computational complexity compared to PI controllers

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Comparison of Control Technique

Each control technique has its advantages depending on the system requirements. In real
applications, a hybrid control approach (e.g., PI + Fuzzy) is often used for optimal
performance.

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MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DSTATCOM

DSTATCOM operates by exchanging active and

reactive power with the distribution network at the
Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The mathematical
model describes how DSTATCOM influences voltage
regulation and reactive power compensation.

1. Power Exchange at PCC

The complex power (SSS) at the PCC is given by:
Where:

2. Active Power Equation

Active power (PPP) is the real power consumed by
the system and is given by:

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Where:

DSTATCOM does not generate or absorb active

power under normal conditions. However, small
active power exchanges may occur due to
converter losses.
3. Reactive Power Equation
Reactive power (QQQ) is the power responsible for
voltage support and is given by:
Where:

DSTATCOM primarily functions as a reactive power compensator, controlling QQQ to regulate voltage at the PCC.
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4. Relationship Between Voltage and Reactive Power
The reactive power injected or absorbed by DSTATCOM is determined by the voltage
difference between the DSTATCOM output voltage (VDstatcom​) and the grid voltage
(VDgrid):

Where:

5. Vector Diagram Representation

A phasor diagram helps illustrate the relationship between voltage and current in
DSTATCOM operation. Key features include:
 Voltage Phasor (Vgrid​): Represents the grid voltage.
 Current Phasor (III): Shows whether the current is leading (capacitive mode) or lagging
(inductive mode).
 Reactive Power Flow: Dependent on the phase angle (θ) between V and I. 19
 Conclusion
 The mathematical model of DSTATCOM defines its ability to control reactive power dynamically.
By adjusting the phase angle and voltage magnitude, DSTATCOM maintains power quality
in distribution systems. The reactive power exchange equation is essential for analyzing
its performance in voltage stability and power factor correction applications.

1. 20
APPLICATIONS OF DSTATCOM
IMPORTANCE OF DSTATCOM IN POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
VOLTAGE INSTABILITY IS A MAJOR CHALLENGE IN MODERN POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS, LEADING TO EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS, POWER LOSSES, AND INEFFICIENCIES. DSTATCOM IS A KEY SOLUTION FOR MITIGATING THESE ISSUES BY DYNAMICALLY
REGULATING VOLTAGE AND REACTIVE POWER. IT IS WIDELY IMPLEMENTED IN THE FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS:

INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS: MANUFACTURING PLANTS OFTEN EXPERIENCE VOLTAGE DIPS AND POWER FACTOR ISSUES DUE TO LARGE INDUCTIVE LOADS. DSTATCOM PROVIDES REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION, STABILIZING VOLTAGE AND IMPROVING POWER
QUALITY.

RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION: SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY SOURCES GENERATE VARIABLE POWER, CAUSING GRID VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS. DSTATCOM ENHANCES VOLTAGE STABILITY, ENSURING SMOOTH GRID INTEGRATION.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATIONS: THE HIGH AND SUDDEN POWER DEMAND FROM MULTIPLE CHARGING UNITS CAN DESTABILIZE VOLTAGE LEVELS. DSTATCOM HELPS MAINTAIN A STABLE POWER SUPPLY, PREVENTING VOLTAGE SAGS.

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oltage Stability Before and After DSTATCOM Installation
aveform Representation of Voltage Stability:

Analysis of the Waveform

 Before DSTATCOM Implementation (Red Dashed Line):
o Voltage fluctuations exceed ±20V from the nominal 230V level.
o Leads to power quality issues, excessive energy losses, and reduced equipment
efficiency.
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o Causes low power factor, increasing operational costs for industries and power
 After DSTATCOM Implementation (Green Solid Line):
o Voltage deviations are significantly reduced to within ±5V.
o The system achieves real-time reactive power compensation, leading to a stable voltage profile.
o Improves power factor, reducing transmission losses and enhancing overall system efficiency.

Key Benefits of DSTATCOM in Practical Applications

 Industrial Power Systems: Reduces voltage dips, enhances equipment lifespan, and improves
overall power quality.
 Renewable Energy Grids: Ensures stable voltage levels despite fluctuations in solar and wind
energy generation.
 Electric Vehicle Infrastructure: Supports grid reliability by preventing voltage instability during
peak charging periods.
DSTATCOM plays a crucial role in modern power distribution networks by improving voltage stability,
optimizing power factor, and enhancing overall energy efficiency. Its implementation is essential for
industries, renewable energy systems, and emerging technologies such as electric vehicle charging
infrastructure.

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CASE STUDY – DSTATCOM IMPLEMENTATION IN AN
INDUSTRIAL SETTING
Background and Problem Statement
A textile manufacturing facility experienced frequent voltage fluctuations and low
power factor due to its extensive use of inductive loads, such as motors and high-
power machinery. These issues led to increased energy losses, equipment
overheating, and operational inefficiencies. During peak load hours, voltage dips
severely impacted production, leading to reduced output and higher maintenance
costs.
To address these challenges, the company installed a DSTATCOM to regulate voltage
and improve power factor.
Impact of DSTATCOM Implementation
Before and After Performance Comparison
The following table presents key
Parameter
performance indicators before
Before DSTATCOM
and after installing
After DSTATCOM
DSTATCOM:
Voltage Stability Unstable (±20V fluctuations) Stable (±5V deviation)
Power Factor 0.85 (suboptimal) 0.98 (near unity)
Harmonic Distortion (THD%) 7.5% (above standard limits) 2.1% (within acceptable range)
Energy Losses High due to reactive power Reduced, leading to cost savings
Production Efficiency Reduced due to voltage dips Improved due to stable power supply

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Graphical Representation of Power Factor Improvement
The following graph illustrates the improvement in power factor after
installing DSTATCOM:

Key Observations:
•Before DSTATCOM: Power factor remained low, around 0.85, leading to penalties
from the electricity provider and increased energy consumption.
•After DSTATCOM: Power factor improved to 0.98, reducing reactive power demand
and optimizing energy usage. 25
Conclusion and Key Takeaways
The implementation of DSTATCOM in the textile industry resulted in:
✔ Enhanced voltage stability, minimizing fluctuations.
✔ Improved power factor, reducing energy costs and penalties.
✔ Reduction in total harmonic distortion, ensuring compliance with power quality
standards.
✔ Increased production efficiency due to stable power supply.
This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of DSTATCOM in industrial
applications, particularly in environments with high inductive loads. The successful
implementation led to significant cost savings and operational improvements,
making DSTATCOM an essential component for industries seeking to optimize power
quality.

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ADVANTAGES OF DSTATCOM
DSTATCOM is a highly efficient power quality solution that
provides dynamic voltage regulation and reactive power
compensation in distribution systems. Compared to
traditional solutions like Static Var Compensators (SVC),
DSTATCOM offers superior performance due to its fast
response time, compact design, and advanced control
capabilities.
Key Advantages of DSTATCOM
1. Faster Response Time Compared to SVC
 DSTATCOM operates based on voltage source
converter (VSC) technology, which provides
rapid compensation for voltage fluctuations.
 Unlike SVCs, which rely on thyristor-controlled
reactors and capacitors, DSTATCOM can respond
within milliseconds, making it more effective
in stabilizing voltage under dynamic load
conditions.

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📈 Graph: Response Time Comparison Between DSTATCOM and SVC

Key Observations:
 SVC response time is slower due to the need for mechanical switching of capacitors and
reactors.
 DSTATCOM response time is almost instantaneous, ensuring better voltage regulation 28
and system stability in fluctuating load conditions.
2. Compact and Space-Efficient Design
•DSTATCOM systems are based on power electronic converters, making them smaller and
more compact than traditional compensation devices like SVCs.
•This makes DSTATCOM ideal for urban power networks, industrial plants, and renewable
energy integration, where space is limited.

3. Improved Voltage Profile and Power Factor

 DSTATCOM continuously injects or absorbs reactive power, ensuring a stable voltage
profile across the distribution network.
 It helps industries improve their power factor by reducing reactive power demand, thereby
lowering electricity costs.
 Graph of Power Factor
Improvement with DSTATCOM.

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Key Observations:
 Before DSTATCOM: Power factor fluctuates around 0.85, leading to inefficient energy usage.
 After DSTATCOM: Power factor improves to 0.98, reducing penalties and optimizing energy
consumption.

4. Effective Harmonic Mitigation

 DSTATCOM can also function as an active filter, reducing harmonic distortion in the system.
 It helps meet IEEE 519 standards for power quality by mitigating Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) in distribution networks.
📉 Graph: Harmonic Reduction with DSTATCOM

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Key Observations:
•Before DSTATCOM: Harmonic distortion levels are above 7.5%, leading to
overheating and reduced efficiency.
•After DSTATCOM: Harmonic levels drop below 2.1%, ensuring compliance with
industry standards.
Conclusion
DSTATCOM offers multiple advantages over conventional reactive power
compensation devices, making it a preferred solution for modern power
distribution systems. Its fast response, compact design, voltage
stabilization, power factor improvement, and harmonic mitigation make
it an essential technology for industrial, commercial, and renewable energy
applications.

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LIMITATIONS/CHALLENGES OF DSTATCOM
1. High Installation and Maintenance Costs
•The deployment of DSTATCOM involves expensive power electronics, controllers,
and transformers, making the initial investment relatively high.
•Regular maintenance and monitoring further add to operational expenses.
•For small-scale applications, alternative solutions such as Static VAR Compensators
(SVCs) may be more cost-effective.
DSTATCOM provides significant benefits in voltage regulation and power quality
improvement. However, certain challenges must be addressed during its
implementation and operation.

2. Complex Control Algorithms

 DSTATCOM relies on advanced real-time control strategies to regulate
reactive power and stabilize voltage.
 Implementing adaptive controllers or AI-based algorithms increases
computational complexity and requires skilled personnel for operation and
troubleshooting.
 Sudden changes in load demand may lead to delays in response time if
not properly tuned.

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3. HARMONIC DISTORTION ISSUES
DUE TO ITS SWITCHING NATURE, DSTATCOM CAN INTRODUCE HARMONICS INTO THE SYSTEM, LEADING TO
INCREASED TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD).
EXCESSIVE HARMONICS CAN CAUSE:
OVERHEATING IN TRANSFORMERS AND ROTATING MACHINES
MALFUNCTIONING OF SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
ADDITIONAL STRESS ON THE POWER SYSTEM
SOLUTION: PASSIVE OR ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTERS ARE OFTEN REQUIRED TO MITIGATE THESE EFFECTS,
INCREASING SYSTEM COMPLEXITY AND COST.

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4. Limited Compensation Capacity
•While highly effective in dynamic voltage regulation, DSTATCOM has limited
capacity for reactive power compensation compared to STATCOM
systems used in transmission networks.
•For extreme voltage fluctuations, additional voltage support
mechanisms such as capacitor banks or synchronous condensers may be
needed.
Conclusion
Despite these challenges, DSTATCOM remains one of the most
efficient and reliable solutions for improving power quality in
distribution networks. Ongoing advancements in AI-driven control
strategies and cost-efficient designs aim to reduce these
limitations in the future.

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FUTURE SCOPE OF DSTATCOM
The demand for highly efficient and intelligent power quality solutions is increasing as modern
electrical grids become more complex. DSTATCOM technology is continuously evolving to meet future
challenges in smart grids, renewable energy integration, and AI-based automation.

1. Integration with Smart Grids for Dynamic Voltage Control

•Future smart grids will require real-time monitoring and adaptive voltage regulation to
handle fluctuations in demand and supply.
•IoT-enabled DSTATCOM systems can collect grid data and dynamically adjust reactive
power compensation to ensure a stable and reliable power supply.
•Grid automation will allow DSTATCOM to coordinate with other power quality
devices, improving overall efficiency.

2. Enhanced Performance Using AI-Based Controllers

 Traditional control strategies face challenges in adapting to unpredictable load variations. AI-based
controllers can:
o Analyze historical grid data to predict voltage instability before it occurs.
o Optimize real-time response to maintain power quality.
o Reduce harmonic distortion by automatically adjusting switching patterns.

o AI and machine learning algorithms will make DSTATCOM systems more efficient,
3. Cost-Effective and Modular Designs
•Future DSTATCOM systems will be more compact, modular, and cost-effective, making them
accessible for small-scale industries and microgrids.
•Hybrid solutions combining DSTATCOM with energy storage systems (like supercapacitors or
batteries) will enhance power stability, especially in renewable energy applications.

4. Application in Ultra-Fast EV Charging Stations

•The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) requires high-power fast-charging stations.
•DSTATCOM will help regulate voltage fluctuations caused by sudden high-power demands during
rapid EV charging.
Future designs may integrate DSTATCOM with bidirectional chargers, allowing power to flow between
the grid and EVs efficiently.

Conclusion
DSTATCOM is evolving into a smart, adaptive, and AI-driven power quality solution. Future
developments will focus on grid automation, cost reduction, and seamless integration with
emerging technologies to create a more stable and sustainable energy system.

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CONCLUSION
DSTATCOM plays a critical role in enhancing power quality, voltage stability, and
reactive power compensation in modern distribution systems. With the increasing adoption
of renewable energy, electric vehicle infrastructure, and smart grid technologies,
DSTATCOM's significance continues to grow.
1. Key Takeaways
•Enhanced Voltage Stability: DSTATCOM provides fast and precise voltage regulation,
ensuring stable operation in distribution networks.
•Improved Power Factor: By dynamically compensating reactive power, DSTATCOM
improves the efficiency of industrial and commercial power systems.
•Harmonic Mitigation: Advanced filtering techniques integrated with DSTATCOM help
reduce harmonic distortion, ensuring a cleaner power supply.
•Integration with Renewable Energy: DSTATCOM helps balance voltage fluctuations
caused by solar and wind energy sources, ensuring grid reliability.

2. The Growing Importance of DSTATCOM

•As industries and power grids become more dependent on renewable energy and
high-power loads, DSTATCOM will be essential for maintaining grid reliability.
•Future developments in AI-based control, smart grid integration, and modular
designs will enhance the performance and accessibility of DSTATCOM systems.
•Its applications in EV charging stations, microgrids, and industrial automation will
continue to expand, making it a cornerstone of modern power systems.
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REFERENCES
1.M. H. J. Bollen, "Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and
Interruptions," Wiley-IEEE Press, 2000.
2.N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS: Concepts and
Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems," Wiley-IEEE Press, 1999.
3.A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, "Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power
Devices," Springer, 2002.
4.IEEE Standard 519-2014: IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems.
5.S. Kumar and P. K. Dash, "Design of a DSTATCOM for Voltage Sag Mitigation
in Distribution Networks," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 2,
pp. 851-860, April 2007.
6.P. F. Ribeiro, B. K. Johnson, M. L. Crow, A. Arsoy, and Y. Liu, "Energy Storage
Systems for Advanced Power Applications," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89,
no. 12, pp. 1744-1756, Dec. 2001.

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THANK YOU
DSTATCOM
CONTROLLER – THE
HEART OF
OPERATION
DSTATCOM
CONTROLLER – THE
HEART OF
OPERATION
Role of the Controller in DSTATCOM:
- Determines real-time reactive power
injection/absorption
- Monitors voltages & currents
- Generates control signals for VSC
- Maintains voltage regulation, power