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GENERAL-BIOLOGY-2-G4

The document compares and contrasts the excretion processes in plants and animals, detailing how metabolic wastes are eliminated. It explains the types of nitrogenous wastes produced by animals, the mechanisms of excretion in various organisms, and the role of kidneys in mammals. Additionally, it discusses osmoregulation and the importance of maintaining acid-base balance in the body.

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29 views21 pages

GENERAL-BIOLOGY-2-G4

The document compares and contrasts the excretion processes in plants and animals, detailing how metabolic wastes are eliminated. It explains the types of nitrogenous wastes produced by animals, the mechanisms of excretion in various organisms, and the role of kidneys in mammals. Additionally, it discusses osmoregulation and the importance of maintaining acid-base balance in the body.

Uploaded by

charmaecabanao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPARE AND

CONTRAST
PROCESS IN PLANTS
AND ANIMALS:
REGULATION OF
GENERAL BIOLOGY - GROUP 4

BODY FLUIDS
EXCRETION
Metabolic waste are eliminated in the body.

Metabolic Wastes:
• excess water
• excess salts
• carbon dioxide
EXCRETION
• Nitrogenous wastes - these are the compounds resulted
from metabolic reactions of proteins and nucleic acids.
these includes:
a. ammonia - the primary nitrogenous waste for aquatic
invertebrates. It is also the most toxic nitrogen-containing
compounds.
b. urea - it is commonly produced by terrestrial animals.
it is also formed by combining ammonia and bicarbonate ion.
it is less toxic than ammonia.
c. uric acid - excreted by birds, insects, and terrestrial
reptiles. It is relatively nontoxic but more energetically
expensive to produce than urea.
concept map of the excretion system
between man and plants:
How plants
excrete waste?
Stomata - tiny openings
found at the back portion of
the leaf to allow the
entrance of water and
carbon dioxide with both
molecules making
photosynthesis to happen.
At the same time, the waste
products, oxygen, can
escape through the
stomata.
How plants
excrete waste?
to prevent extreme water
losses, each stoma has two
guard cell controlling its
opening and closing.

this process keeps the


transpiration (the flowing in
of carbon dioxide and
flowing out of oxygen.)
How animals excrete waste?
(INVERTEBRATES)
• CELL SURFACE OR CELL
MEMBRANE - allows
passage of wastes in
unicellular organisms.
• CONTRACTILE VACUOLE
- a specialized
cytoplasmic organelle in
many freshwater
protists (e.g.
Paramecium) that
expels excess water out
of the cell to prevent
lysis.
How animals excrete waste?
(INVERTEBRATES)
• PROTONOPHRIDIA OR
FLAME BULB SYSTEM -
a network of tubules
that lack internal
openings but have
external openings at
the body surface called
nephridiopores.
Examples of such are
the Platyhelminthes
(Planaria), rotifers, and
some annelids.
How animals excrete waste?
(INVERTEBRATES)
• METANEPHRIDIA - the excretory tubule
of most annelids and adult mollusks.
The tubular network has a funnel-like
internal opening called a nephrostome
that collects body fluids. One popular
example is the earthworm.
• MALPIGHIAN TUBULES - the excretory
tubules of insects and other terrestrial
arthropods attached to their digestive
tract (midgut). They do not filter body
fluids; instead, they employ secretion to
generate the fluid for release from the
body. Examples are the cockroaches,
ants, and other insects.
How animals excrete waste?
(VERTEBRATES)
organs accountable for
the excretion process:

• LIVER
• SKIN
• LUNGS
• KIDNEY - principal
organ
OSMOREGULATION is the process by which an organism or a cell
balances its uptake and loss of water and dissolved solutes such as
sodium ions, chlorine ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, bicarbonate
ions, and proteins.
• OSMOCONFORMERS - allow the osmolarity of their body fluids to
match that of the environment. These include most marine
invertebrates because their body fluids are isosmotic to seawater,
they expend little or no energy on maintaining water balance.
• OSMOREGULATORS - keep the osmolarity of body fluids different
from that of the environment through discharging water in a
hypotonic environment or they take in water in a hypertonic
environment. These include most marine vertebrates, birds,
mammals in which they must expend more energy
KIDNEY
1. RENAL CAPSULE - the outer coat of
connective tissue.
2. CORTEX - the zone near the capsule
consisting of blood vessels and
nephrons.
3.Medulla – inner zone also consisting of
blood vessels and nephrons.
4.NEPHRONS - the functional units of
the kidney responsible for filtering and
retaining water solutes, leaving
concentrated urine to be collected in the
central renal pelvis. These have the
following components:
KIDNEY
a. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE - an in folded
region that encloses a ball of blood
capillaries called glomerulus where initial
filtration of the blood plasma occurs.
b. RENAL TUBULES - receive and modify
the glomerular filtrate.
c. PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES - bring
substances to and take substances away
from the renal tubules.
d. COLLECTING DUCT - receives the urine
from the renal tubule leading to the renal
pelvis.
5. RENAL PELVIS - a central cavity in the
kidney where urine coming from the
nephrons is channeled before going to
the ureter.
MECHANISM OF URINE FORMATION IN
MAMMALIAN NEPHRONS
Urine formation involves three
processes:

I. Filtration –the phase in which blood


pressure forces filtrate (water and
small solutes) out of the glomerular
capillaries. -blood cells, proteins, and
other large solutes cannot pass the
capillary wall, and they remain in the
blood.
a. diameter of arterioles existing in
the glomerulus.
b. glomerular capillaries are highly
‘leaky’ to water and small solutes
. c. volume of blood flow.
MECHANISM OF URINE FORMATION IN
MAMMALIAN NEPHRONS
II. Tubular Reabsorption- useful
materials such as salts, water,
glucose, and amino acids move
out from the renal tubules and
into adjacent peritubular
capillaries.
III. Tubular Secretion- results in
the movement of surplus
hydrogen and potassium ions,
uric acid, toxins, and other drugs
from the blood into the renal
tubules. These are then
secreted, forming urine.
KIDNEY REGULATING THE
MAMMALIAN KIDNEY FUNCTION
1. Receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus function
in the kidney’s autoregulation system. - trigger
constriction or dilation of the afferent arteriole to keep
blood flow and filtration.

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes water


conservation. -it is secreted from the hypothalamus via
the pituitary when osmoreceptors detect an increase in
the osmolarity of body fluids.
KIDNEY REGULATING THE
MAMMALIAN KIDNEY FUNCTION
3. Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption.
.. A. When too much sodium is lost, the kidney secretes an enzyme,
renin, which indirectly stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete
aldosterone, which in turn stimulates reabsorption in the distal tubule
and collecting ducts.

4. Cells in the hypothalamus thirst center inhibit saliva


production and stimulate the urge to drink when there is
an increase in the solute concentration in extracellular
fluid.
ROLE OF THE KIDNEYS IN THE
BODY’S ACID-BASED BALANCE

a. Over-all acid- b. Only the


base balance is urinary system
maintained by can eliminate
controlling excess hydrogen
hydrogen ions ions,
through buffer permanently, and
systems, restore the
respiration, and bicarbonate
excretion by the buffering ions to
kidneys. the blood.
Question
Time
MEMBER
S: CHARMAE CABANAO
CHERRY MAE BASTINEN
TRISHA FAITH PAYDA
JEOFIL PAKINGAN
JHIMEZ TULING
JHUDIEL RADAN
NATHANIEL PAJAGANAS
SHAMELLE KAYE SICLOT
JHERRA GWYNETH BRANZUELA
ARIGATO
U!!

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