CHAPTER 1

Introduction toComputing
Introduction to Cloud Cloud
Computing
Upon completion of this course, students should be able: Introduction
To
CLO
Cloud
CLO 1: explain basic concepts of cloud computing and the different cloud service
1 categories C3 PLO1.)
Computing

Demonstrate professionalism and ethical skills in the use of cloud

CLO2 computing applications.
What you will learn?
 Define Cloud Computing – NIST , Barrie
Sosinsky,AWS
 The evolution of Cloud Computing
 Describe the characteristics of Cloud Computing:
a. Resource Pooling
b. Broad Network Access
c. On-demand Capabilities
d. Resource Pooling
e. Rapid Elasticity
f. Measured Services
 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
 Discuss the challenges of Cloud Computing
 What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing – NIST Definition:

“A model for enabling convenient, on-

demand network access to a shared
pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services)
that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management
effort or service provider interaction”
Cloud Computing – Barrie
Sosinsky Definition:

– Cloud computing refers to applications and services that

run on a distributed network using virtualized resources
and accessed by common Internet protocols and
networking stanards. I
 What is Cloud Computing?

– Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new class of

network based computing that takes place over the Internet,
– basically a step on from Utility Computing
– a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware,
software and Internet infrastructure (called a platform).
– Using the Internet for communication and transport provides
hardware, software and networking services to clients
– These platforms hide the complexity and details of the underlying
infrastructure from users and applications by providing very simple
graphical interface or API (Applications Programming Interface).

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 What is Cloud Computing?

– In addition, the platform provides on demand services, that are always on,
anywhere, anytime and any place.
– Pay for use and as needed, elastic
– scale up and down in capacity and functionalities
– The hardware and software services are available to
– general public, enterprises, corporations and businesses markets

Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of compute power

database,storage, application and other resources via the Internet
With pay-as-you-go pricing ~ AWS

(is about accessing computing resources over the internet and pay for
only what you use, which saves money and provides flexibility to scale
up or down based on your needs.
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 Traditional
Computing

Traditional computing involves using physical hardware and software

installed on-site, typically within a company's own data centers or
offices, to handle computing tasks.
For example, a small business may have its own servers and computers
to store customer data, run software, and manage operations without
relying on the cloud.

A company might have several physical servers in its on-site data center that run:

Email services for employees.

Databases to store customer information.
Web applications that are accessed by employees or customers.

The servers are physically located at the company's office or in a nearby data center. The company is
responsible for maintaining, upgrading, and securing these servers, which contrasts with cloud computing
where servers are maintained by external providers
 What is Cloud Computing?

Traditional Computing
vs.
Cloud Computing
Traditional Cloud
– Manually Provisioned – Self-provisioned
– Dedicated Hardware – Shared Hardware
– Fixed Capacity – Elastic Capacity
– Pay for Capacity – Pay for Use
– Capital & Operational – Operational Expenses
Expenses – Managed via APIs
– Managed via Sysadmins
 The Evolution of cloud
computing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkDCBwOXuqA
 What is Cloud Computing?

Five Key Cloud Attributes:

1. Resources pooling
2. Broad network access
3. On-demand self-service
4. Rapid elasticity
5. Metered by use
 What is Cloud Computing?

1.Resource Pooling: Sharing resources across many

customers.
2.Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Microsoft
Azure
• Both AWS and Azure offer virtual machines, storage,
and other cloud services. These resources are pooled
together in large data centers and shared among
multiple customers. When a user needs a service, they
are allocated resources from this shared pool.
 What is Cloud Computing?

2. Broad Network Access: Access from anywhere with an

internet connection
• Example: Google Drive, Dropbox, or iCloud
• You can access your documents, photos, and files stored
on these cloud platforms from any device with an internet
connection (like your laptop, phone, or tablet).
 What is Cloud Computing?

3. On-demand Self-Service: Provision and manage

resources without human intervention
Example: AWS EC2, Google Cloud Compute Engine
You can create, modify, and manage virtual servers or
compute power as needed through an easy-to-use
dashboard. If you need more servers for your
website, you can simply add them with a few clicks.
 What is Cloud Computing?

4. Rapid Elasticity:Scale resources up or down quickly

based on need
Example: Netflix (using AWS)
During peak times, such as when a popular show is
released, Netflix can quickly scale up their servers to
handle the increased traffic. Once the demand drops,
they can scale back down to save on costs.
 What is Cloud Computing?

5. Metered by Use: Pay only for the resources you

actually use.
Example: AWS, Google CloudCloud services charge
you based on your usage.
For example, AWS charges you based on the number
of hours you run a server (virtual machine) or the
amount of data storage you use. If you use more
resources, your bill is higher; if you use fewer
resources, it’s lower.
 Advantages of cloud
computing:
– Lower costs: Because cloud networks operate at higher efficiencies and with greater
utilization, significant cost reductions are often encountered.
– Ease of utilization: Depending upon the type of service being offered, you may find that
you do not require hardware or software licenses to implement your service.
– Quality of Service: The Quality of Service (QoS) is something that you can obtain under
contract from your vendor.
– Reliability: The scale of cloud computing networks and their ability to provide load
balancing and failover makes them highly reliable, often much more reliable than what
you can achieve in a single organization.
– Outsourced IT management: A cloud computing deployment lets someone else manage
your computing infrastructure while you manage your business. In most instances, you
achieve considerable reductions in IT staffing costs.
– Simplified maintenance and upgrade: Because the system is centralized, you can easily
apply patches and upgrades. This means your users always have access to the latest
software versions.
– Low Barrier to Entry: In particular, upfront capital expenditures are dramatically
reduced. In cloud computing, anyone can be a giant at any time.
 Advantages of Cloud
Computing
– Lower computer costs:
– You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to run
cloud computing's web-based applications.
– Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your
desktop PC does not need the processing power or hard disk space
demanded by traditional desktop software.
– When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less
expensive, with a smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient
processor...
– In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD
drive, as no software programs have to be loaded and no document
files need to be saved.

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 Advantages of Cloud
Computing
– Improved performance:
– With few large programs hogging your computer's memory, you
will see better performance from your PC.
– Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster
because they have fewer programs and processes loaded into
memory…
– Reduced software costs:
– Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get
most of what you need for free-ish!
– most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs suite.
– better than paying for similar commercial software
– which alone may be justification for switching to cloud applications.

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 Advantages of Cloud
Computing
– Instant software updates:
– Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer faced with
choosing between obsolete software and high upgrade costs.
– When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically
– available the next time you log into the cloud.

– When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version
– without needing to pay for or download an upgrade.

– Improved document format compatibility.

– You do not have to worry about the documents you create on your machine
being compatible with other users' applications or OSes
– There are potentially no format incompatibilities when everyone is sharing
documents and applications in the cloud.

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 Advantages of Cloud
Computing
– Unlimited storage capacity:
– Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
– Your computer's current 1 Tbyte hard drive is small compared to
the hundreds of Pbytes available in the cloud.
– Increased data reliability:
– Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and
destroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud
should not affect the storage of your data.
– if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out there in the
cloud, still accessible
– In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their
data on a regular basis, cloud computing is a data-safe computing
platform!

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 Advantages of Cloud
Computing
– Universal document access:
– That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you do not
take your documents with you.
– Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them whenever
you have a computer and an Internet connection
– Documents are instantly available from wherever you are
– Latest version availability:
– When you edit a document at home, that edited version is what
you see when you access the document at work.
– The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents
– as long as you are connected, you are not in danger of having an outdated version

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 Advantages of Cloud
Computing
– Easier group collaboration:
– Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
– Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud
computing
– multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and projects

– Device independence.
– You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
– Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you
through the cloud.
– Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents
are still available.

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 Disadvantages of cloud
computing:
– Security and privacy
1. Data Breaches and Hacking Risks:
• Issue: Cloud providers store massive amounts of data, making them prime targets for
hackers. If a cloud provider’s security is breached, sensitive data (such as personal,
financial, or business information) could be stolen.
2. Data Loss:
• Issue: Data stored in the cloud could be lost due to various reasons such as provider
outages, hardware failures, or catastrophic events (fire, flood, etc.). Although cloud
providers typically have redundancy systems, the risk of losing important data remains.
3. Limited Control and Access:
• Issue: Cloud customers typically do not have full control over the physical infrastructure
and security systems of the cloud provider. This can limit the ability to implement custom
security policies or gain detailed insight into the security measures used by the provider.
 Disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
– Requires a constant Internet connection:
– Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the
Internet.
– Since you use the Internet to connect to both your
applications and documents, if you do not have an Internet
connection you cannot access anything, even your own
documents.
– A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas
where Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable,
this could be a deal-breaker.

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 Disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
– Does not work well with low-speed connections:
– Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with
dial-up services, makes cloud computing painful at best and often
impossible.
– Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to download,
as do large documents.
– Features might be limited:
– This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based
applications simply are not as full-featured as their desktop-based
applications.
– For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint than with
Google Presentation's web-based offering

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 Disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
– Can be slow:
– Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can
sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software
program on your desktop PC.
– Everything about the program, from the interface to the
current document, has to be sent back and forth from your
computer to the computers in the cloud.
– If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment,
or if the Internet is having a slow day, you would not get the
instantaneous access you might expect from desktop
applications.

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 Disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
– Stored data might not be secure:
– With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
– The questions is How secure is the cloud?
– Can unauthorised users gain access to your confidential data?
– Stored data can be lost:
– Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across
multiple machines.
– But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no
physical or local backup.
– Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the cloud lets you down.

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 Disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
– HPC (High Performance Computing) Systems:
– Not clear that you can run compute-intensive HPC applications that
use MPI/OpenMP!(Message Passing Interface / Open
MultiProcessing)
– Scheduling is important with this type of application
– as you want all the VM to be co-located to minimize communication latency!
– General Concerns:
– Each cloud systems uses different protocols and different APIs
– may not be possible to run applications between cloud based systems
– Amazon has created its own DB system (not SQL 92), and workflow
system (many popular workflow systems out there)
– so your normal applications will have to be adapted to execute on these
platforms.

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 Opportunities and
Challenges
– The use of the cloud provides a number of opportunities:
– It enables services to be used without any understanding of their
infrastructure.
– Cloud computing works using economies of scale:
– It potentially lowers the outlay expense for start up companies, as they
would no longer need to buy their own software or servers.
– Cost would be by on-demand pricing.
– Vendors and Service providers claim costs by establishing an ongoing
revenue stream.
– Data and services are stored remotely but accessible from
“anywhere”.

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 Opportunities and
Challenges
– In parallel there has been backlash against cloud computing:
– Use of cloud computing means dependence on others and that could possibly limit
flexibility and innovation:
– The others are likely become the bigger Internet companies like Google and IBM, who may
monopolise the market.
– Some argue that this use of supercomputers is a return to the time of mainframe computing
that the PC was a reaction against.
– Security could prove to be a big issue:
– It is still unclear how safe out-sourced data is and when using these services ownership of data
is not always clear.
– There are also issues relating to policy and access:
– If your data is stored abroad whose policy do you adhere to?
– What happens if the remote server goes down?
– How will you then access files?
– There have been cases of users being locked out of accounts and losing access to data.

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Q&A