Physics

Eleventh Edition

Cutnell & Johnson

Chapter 2
Kinematics in One Dimension
Kinematics in One Dimension
Kinematics deals with the concepts that are needed to
describe motion.
Dynamics deals with the effect that forces have on
motion.
Together, kinematics and dynamics form the branch of
physics known as Mechanics.

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2.1 Displacement (1 of 4)

 
x 0 = initial position x = final position

Δx = x  x 0 = displacement
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2.1 Displacement (2 of 4)


x x  x 0  7.0 m  2.0 m 5.0 m

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2.1 Displacement (3 of 4)


x x  x 0  2.0 m  7.0 m  5.0 m

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2.1 Displacement (4 of 4)


x x  x 0  5.0 m   2.0 m 7.0 m

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2.2 Speed and Velocity
Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the time
required to cover the distance.

Distance
Average speed 
Elapsed time

SI units for speed: meters per second (m/s)

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2.2 Speed and Velocity (1 of 5)
Example 1 Distance Run by a Jogger
How far does a jogger run in 1.5 hours (5400 s) if his average
speed is 2.22 m/s?
Distance
Average speed 
Elapsed time

Distance  Average speed Elapsed time 

 2.22 m s 5400 s  12000 m

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2.2 Speed and Velocity (2 of 5)
Average velocity is the displacement divided by the
elapsed time.

Displacement
Average velocity 
Elapsed time
 
 x  x 0 x
v 
t  t0 t

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2.2 Speed and Velocity (3 of 5)
Example 2 The World’s Fastest
Jet-Engine Car
Andy Green in the car Thrust SSC
set a world record of 341.1 m/s in
1997. To establish such a record, the
driver makes two runs through the
course, one in each direction, to
nullify wind effects. From the data,
determine the average velocity for
each run.

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2.2 Speed and Velocity (4 of 5)

 x 1609 m
v  339.5m s
t 4.740 s


 x  1609 m
v   342.7 m s
t 4.695 s

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2.2 Speed and Velocity (5 of 5)
The instantaneous velocity indicates how fast the car
moves and the direction of motion at each instant of time.

 x
v  lim
t  0 t

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2.3 Acceleration (1 of 6)
The notion of acceleration emerges when a change in
velocity is combined with the time during which the
change occurs.

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2.3 Acceleration (2 of 6)

Definition of Average Acceleration

 
 v  v 0 v
a 
t  t0 t
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2.3 Acceleration (3 of 6)

Example 3 Acceleration and Increasing Velocity

Determine the average acceleration of the plane
 
v 0 0m s v 260km h t 0 0 s t = 29 s

 v  v 0 260km h  0km h km h
a  9.0
t  t0 29 s  0 s s
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2.3 Acceleration (4 of 6)

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2.3 Acceleration (5 of 6)
Example 4 Acceleration and
Decreasing Velocity


 v  v 0 13m s  28m s
a   5.0m s 2
t  t0 12 s  9 s

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2.3 Acceleration (6 of 6)

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2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant
Acceleration (1 of 10)
 
 x  x0  v  v0
v a
t  t0 t  t0

For one dimensional motion it is customary to dispense with

the use of boldface symbols overdrawn with arrows for the
displacement, velocity, and acceleration vectors. We will,
however, continue to convey the directions with a plus or
minus sign.
x  x0 v  v0
v a
t  t0 t  t0

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2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant
Acceleration (2 of 10)
Let the object be at the origin when the clock starts.
x0 0 t 0 0

x  x0 x
v v x vt  12 v0  v  t
t  t0 t

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2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant
Acceleration (3 of 10)

v  v0 v  v0
a a at v  v0
t  t0 t

v v0  at

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2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant
Acceleration (4 of 10)
Five kinematic variables:
1. displacement, x
2. acceleration (constant), a
3. final velocity (at time t), v
4. initial velocity, v0
5. elapsed time, t

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2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant
Acceleration (5 of 10)

x v0t  12 at 2

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2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant
Acceleration (8 of 10)
v  v0 v  v0
a t
t a

x  v0  v t 
v  v0 
1
2
1
2 v0  v  a

v 2  v02
x
2a
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2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant
Acceleration (10 of 10)
Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

v v0  at

x  12 v0  v t

v 2 v02  2ax

x v0t  12 at 2

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2.5 Applications of the Equations of
Kinematics (1 of 4)
Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing.
2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and negative (−).
3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five kinematic variables.
4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three of the five
kinematic variables. Identify the desired unknown variable and select the
appropriate equation.
5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that the final velocity
of one segment is the initial velocity for the next.
6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a kinematics
problem.

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2.5 Applications of the Equations of
Kinematics (2 of 4)
Example 7 The Physics of Spacecraft Retrorockets
A spacecraft is traveling with a velocity of +3250 m/s. Suddenly
the retrorockets are fired, and the spacecraft begins to slow
down with an acceleration whose magnitude is 10.0 m/s 2 .
What is the velocity of the spacecraft when the displacement of the
craft is +215 km, relative to the point where the retrorockets began
firing?
Spacecraft Data
x a v v0 t
+215000 m  10.0 m/s 2
negative 10.0 m per s squared.

? +3250 m/s
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2.5 Applications of the Equations of
Kinematics (3 of 4)

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2.5 Applications of the Equations of
Kinematics (4 of 4)
Spacecraft Data

x a v v0 t
+215000 m  10.0 m/s 2
Negative 10.0 m per s squared.
? +3250 m/s

v 2 v02  2ax v  v02  2ax

v   3250m s   2  10.0m s 2 215000 m 

2

 2500m s
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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (1 of 10)
In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies
at the same location above the Earth fall vertically with
the same acceleration. If the distance of the fall is small
compared to the radius of the Earth, then the acceleration
remains essentially constant throughout the descent.
This idealized motion is called free-fall and the
acceleration of a freely falling body is called the
acceleration due to gravity.

g 9.80m s 2 or 32.2ft s 2

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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (2 of 10)

g 9.80m s 2

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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (3 of 10)
Example 9 A Falling Stone
A stone is dropped from the top of a tall building. After 3.00s
of free fall, what is the displacement y of the stone?

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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (4 of 10)

Stone Data
y a v v0 t
?  9.80 m/s 2
Negative 9.80 m per s
squared. 0 m/s 3.00 s
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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (5 of 10)
Stone Data

y a v v0 t
 9.80 m/s 2
Negative 9.80 m per s squared.

? 0 m/s 3.00 s

y  v0t  12 at 2
0m s 3.00 s    9.80m s 3.00 s 
2
 1
2
2

  44.1 m

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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (6 of 10)
Example 10 The Velocity of a
Falling Stone
The referee tosses the coin up with
an initial speed of 5.00 m/s. In the
absence if air resistance, how high
does the coin go above its point of
release?

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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (7 of 10)

Coin Data

y a v v0 t
?  9.80 m/s 2
Negative 9.80 m per s squared.
0 m/s +5.00 m/s
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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (8 of 10)
Coin Data

y a v V0 t
 9.80 m/s 2
Negative 9.80 m per s squared.

? 0 m/s +5.00 m/s

v 2  v02
v 2 v02  2ay y
2a
0m s   5.00m s 
2 2
v v2 2
y  0
1.28 m
2a 2  9.80m s 2 
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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (9 of 10)
Conceptual Example 13 Acceleration Versus Velocity
There are three parts to the motion of the coin. On the way up,
the coin has a vector velocity that is directed upward and has
decreasing magnitude. At the top of its path, the coin
momentarily has zero velocity. On the way down, the coin has
downward-pointing velocity with an increasing magnitude.
In the absence of air resistance, does the acceleration of the
coin, like the velocity, change from one part to another?

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2.6 Freely Falling Bodies (10 of 10)
Conceptual Example 14 Taking Advantage of Symmetry
Does the pellet in part b strike the ground beneath the cliff with
a smaller, greater, or the same speed as the pellet in part a?

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2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and
Acceleration (1 of 4)

x 8 m
Slope   4m s
t 2s
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2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and
Acceleration (2 of 4)

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2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and
Acceleration (3 of 4)

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2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and
Acceleration (4 of 4)

v 12 m s
Slope   6m s 2
t 2s
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