0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views30 pages

Cven 413 (Highway Engineering) m 1 1

The document outlines the course content for CVEN 413 (Highway Engineering) at A.B.U Zaria, focusing on highway materials, design methods for pavements, and highway construction. It details the classification of soils using the AASHTO and Unified Soil Classification Systems, emphasizing the importance of soil properties in highway construction. Key topics include types of soil, their engineering properties, and specifications for usage in construction.

Uploaded by

muftauridwan99
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views30 pages

Cven 413 (Highway Engineering) m 1 1

The document outlines the course content for CVEN 413 (Highway Engineering) at A.B.U Zaria, focusing on highway materials, design methods for pavements, and highway construction. It details the classification of soils using the AASHTO and Unified Soil Classification Systems, emphasizing the importance of soil properties in highway construction. Key topics include types of soil, their engineering properties, and specifications for usage in construction.

Uploaded by

muftauridwan99
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

CVEN 413 (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING) NOTE

MODULE-I ,A.B.U ZARIA 1ST SEMESTER


JAN,2023

LECTURER : ENGR. M.M MUSTAPHA


DEPARTMENT: CIVIL
ENGINEERING,UNDERGRADUATE
Course Outline
i. Highway materials:, Soil, Aggregate, Bitumen

ii. Design Methods for Flexible pavements

iii. Factors affecting pavement design

iv. Design methods for Rigid pavements

v. Design of overlays
Course Outline Cont”d

vi- Highway construction, Maintenance, and


Rehabilitation

Vii- Bituminous materials

Viii- Highway drainage structures: Bridge, Culverts, and


Tunnels
Ix- Laboratory works and Experiments
Highway materials: Soil, Aggregate,
Bitumen

 Soil:Naturally occurring materials that are used for


the construction.
Highway engineers are interested in the basic
engineering properties of soils because soils
are used extensively in highway construction.
Soil properties are of significant importance
when a highway is to carry high traffic
volumes with a large percentage of trucks. Uses
: Highway, Embankment, Dam, Backfill of DPC
TYPE OF SOIL
 Sand, Silt , Clay, Loam Soil

 Clean sand particles do not exhibit any cohesive


properties and are therefore little influenced by changes
in moisture content. The pores between the particles are
relatively large; hence, sandy soils are very permeable
and well-drained, and consolidation effects are small
TYPE OF SOIL Cont.d
 Silt: Physically, silts are generally similar to sands
in that they derive much of their stability from the
mechanical interaction between particles. Coarse
silt particles are essentially small sand particles
and thus they tend to have similar bulky shapes
and the same dominant (quartz) mineral. Unlike
sands, silts also possess a limited amount of
cohesion due to inter particle water films. Whilst
silts are classed as permeable, water can only
move through the (small) pore spaces relatively
slowly.
TYPE OF SOIL Cont.d
 Clay: Clay differs from sand and silt in respect of
both physical properties and chemical make-up.
It is very important for the road engineer to
understand what constitute clay particles.
Physically, clay particles are lamellar, i.e. flat and
elongated, and thus have a much larger surface
area per unit mass than the bulky-shaped silts
and sands. . Clay colloids are primarily
responsible for the cohesiveness of a plastic soil,
its shrinking and swelling characteristics, and its
ability to solidify into a hard mass upon drying.
 Loam soil is a mixture of soil that is the ideal
plant-growing medium. It is actually a
combination soil, normally equal parts of clay,
silt, and sand, which gives the benefits of each
with few of the disadvantages.
Loam is soil composed mostly of sand silt and a
smaller amount of clay By weight, its mineral
composition is about 40–40–20% concentration
of sand–silt–clay, ...Wikipedia
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS FOR HIGHWAY USE

 We are going to look at 2- classifications,


namely: (i) AASHTO Soil Classification System
(ii)Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
AASHTO CLASSIFICATION
 granular soils fall into classes A-1 to A-3. A-1 soils
consist of well-graded granular materials, A-2 soils
contain significant amounts of silts and clays, and
A-3 soils are clean but poorly graded sands.
 1.Soils classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, and
A-3 can be used satisfactorily as subgrade,sub
base or base material if properly drained.
 Materialsclassified as A-2-6, A-2-7, A-4, A-5, A-6,
A-7-5, and A-7-6 as subgrade (filling materials) or
subbase depending on the properties.
AASHTO CLASSIFICATION CONT’D

When soils are properly drained and compacted,
their value as subgrade material decreases as the GI
increases. For example, a soil with a GI of zero (an
indication
of a good subgrade material) will be better as a
subgrade material than one with a GI of 20 (an
indication of a poor subgrade material).
AASHTO CLASSIFICATION CONT’D
SPECIFICATIONS FOR USAGE AS FIIL, SUB BASE,
AND BASE COURSE MATERIALS
SPECIFICATIONS FOR USAGE AS FIIL, SUB BASE, AND
BASE COURSE MATERIALS
SPECIFICATIONS FOR USAGE AS FIIL, SUB BASE, AND
BASE COURSE MATERIALS
Classwork
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

 The original USCS system was developed during


World War II for use in airfield construction. That
system has been modified several times to obtain the
current version which also can be applied to other
types of construction such as dams and
foundations. The fundamental premise used in the
USCS system is that the engineering properties of
any coarse-grained soil depend on its particle size
distribution, whereas those for a fine-grained soil
depend on its plasticity. Thus, the system classifies
coarse-grained soils on the basis of grain size
characteristics and fine-grained soils according to
USCS CONT’D
USCS CONT’D
 Table 17.2 lists the USCS definitions for the four major groups of
materials, consisting of coarse-grained soils, fine-grained soils,
organic soils, and peat. Material.

 Soils with >50% of their particles being retained on the No. 200 sieve are

coarse-grained, and those with <50% of their particles retained are fine-

grained soils . The coarse grained soils are subdivided into gravels (G)

and sands (S). Soils having >50% of their particles larger than 75 mm,

retained on the No. 4 sieve—are gravels and those with >50% of their

particles smaller than 75mm, passed through the No. 4 sieve—are sands.
USCS CONT’D
 The gravels and sands are further divided into four subgroups—each based
on grain-size distribution and the nature of the fine particles in them.

 They therefore can be classified as either well graded (W), poorly


graded (P), silty (M), or clayey (C). Gravels can be described as either
well-graded gravel (GW), poorly graded gravel (GP), silty gravel (GM), or
clayey gravels (GC), and sands can be described as well-graded sand
(SW), poorly graded sand (SP), silty sand (SM), or clayey sand (SC). A
gravel or sandy soil is described as well graded or poorly graded,
depending on the values of two shape parameters known as the
coefficient of uniformity, Cu, and the coefficient of curvature, Cc,
USCS CONT’D
USCS CONT’D
 Well graded gravel Cu>4, Cc = bw 1 & 3
 Well graded Sand Cu>6, Cc = bw 1 & 3
 The fine-grained soils, which are defined as those
having >50 % of their particles passing the No. 200
sieve, are subdivided into clays (C) or silt (M),
depending on the PI and LL of the soil. A plasticity
chart, shown in Table 17.3, is used to determine
whether a soil is silty or clayey.
USCS CONT’D
 The chart is a plot of PI versus LL, from which a dividing line known as
the “A” line, which generally separates the more clayey materials
from the silty materials, was developed. Soils with plots of LLs and PIs
below the “A” line are silty soils, whereas those with plots above the
“A” line are clayey soils. Organic clays are an exception to this general
rule, since they plot below the “A” line. Organic clays, however,
generally behave similarly to soils of lower plasticity. Classification
of coarse-grained soils as silty or clayey also depends on their
LL plots. Only coarse-grained soils with more than 12 percent fines
(that is, passes the No. 200 sieve) are so classified (see Table 17.3).
 Those soils with plots below the “A” line or with a PI <4 are silty gravel (CM) or

silty sand (SM), and those with plots above the “A” line with a PI >7 are

classified as clayey gravels (GC) or clayey sands (SC). The organic, silty, and

clayey soils are further divided into two groups, one having a relatively low LL

(L) and the other having a relatively high LL (H). The dividing line between

high LL soils and low LL soils is arbitrarily set at 50 %. Fine-grained soils can be

classified as either silt with low plasticity (ML), silt with high plasticity (MH),

clays with high plasticity (CH), clays with low plasticity (CL), or organic silt with

high plasticity (OH). Table 17.3 gives the complete layout of the USCS.


USCS CONT’D
USCS CONT’D
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
USCS CONT’D

You might also like