Essentials of

Biology
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht

Chapter 19
The Animals
 BACTERIA

common
ARCHAEA
ancestor
(first cells)

Protists

Photosynthetic
protist

Plants
cell with nucleus

EUKARYA

Fungi

Heterotrophic
Protist Animals
common ancestor

Past Present
Time
 Evolution of Animals 动物的进化
Multicellular eukaryotes. 多细胞真核生物。
• Like protists, plants, and fungi 像原生生物、植物和真菌
Chemoheterotrophs. 化学异养生物。
• Unlike autotrophic plants 与自养植物不同
• Like fungi, but animals ingest food and digest internally while fungi
digest food externally 像真菌一样，但动物摄入食物并在内部消化，而真菌在外部消化食物
Undergo sexual reproduction. 进行有性生殖。
• Begin life as a fertilized diploid egg 以受精二倍体卵开始生活
• Undergo developmental changes 经历发展变化
• Organism with specialized tissues 具有特殊组织的生物体
Possess nervous and muscular tissues 拥有神经和肌肉组织
• Allow for mobility (locomotion). 允许移动性（运动）。
 The evolutionary tree of animals 动物的进化树

Based on Molecular Data and Developmental Biology 基于分子数据和发

育生物学

1. Multicellularity — cell vs tissue organization 多细胞性 — 细胞与组织组织

2. Symmetry—radial vs. bilateral 对称性 — 辐射对称 vs. 双侧对称

3. Protostome vs. Deuterostome 原口动物 vs. 后口动物

• Protostome - First embryonic opening becomes 原口动物 - 第一个胚胎开口变成嘴巴（嘴巴首先形
成） the mouth (mouth forms first)
• Deuterostome - Second embryonic opening becomes the mouth (mouth forms
second) 后口动物 - 第二个胚胎开口变成嘴巴（嘴巴第二个形成）

4. Coelom—body cavity 体腔 — 身体
Acoelomate – no body cavity 无体腔动物 — 没有身体腔隙腔隙
Pseudocoelomate - false body cavity 假体腔动物 - 假体腔
Coelomate – body cavity 体腔动物 — 身体腔隙
 Figure 19.4 A modern look at the animal evolutionary tree.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa

Parazoa Radiata Protostomes Deuterostomes

sponges cnidarians flatworms mollusks annelids nematodes arthropods echinoderms chordates

1. Multicellularity. 多细胞性
Sponges 海绵
– Only level of animal to have no true tissues but cellular
organization. No true tissue layer. 只有动物的水平没有真正的组织，只有细胞
组织。没有真正的组织层。

Tissue layers 组织层

Total of three possible germ layers in
animals: 动物体内总共有三种可能的胚层：
Ectoderm 外胚层
内胚层
Endoderm 中胚层
Mesoderm

6
2. Symmetry 对称
 Radial symmetry—animal is organized circularly 径向对称 - 动物是圆形组织的
 Bilateral symmetry—animal has right and left halves 双侧对称——动物有右半部和
左半部
• Accompanied by cephalization—localization of brain and specialized
sensory organs 伴有头化——大脑和特殊感觉器官的定位

al
dors posterior

anterior
entr a l
v

radial symmetry bilateral symmetry

a. b.
 2. Protostomes and Deuterostomes 原口动物 vs. 后口动物

• Protostomes
 Flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods 扁虫、蛔虫、软体动物、
环节动物、节肢动物

• Deuterostomes
 Echinoderms and chordates 棘皮动物和脊索动物

Distinguished based on embryological development 根据胚胎发育进行区分

• Cell division pattern is different 细胞分裂模式不同

• First embryonic opening is called blastopore 第一个胚胎开口称为胚孔

 In Protostomes, becomes mouth 变成嘴巴
 In Deuterostomes, becomes anus 成为肛门

3. Coelom—body cavity (3 types) 体腔 — 身体
 Acoelomate—no body cavity 无体腔动物
• Packed solid with mesoderm 用中胚层填充固体
 Pseudocoelomates—body cavity incompletely
lined with mesoderm 假体腔动物：体腔内衬中胚层不完全
pseudocoelom

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

a. Acoelomate (flatworms)

b. Pseudocoelomate
(roundworms)
 Coelomate—body cavity completely lined with
mesoderm 腔体——体腔完全衬有中胚层
• Mesentery (fold of membrane) supports internal organs
• In animals without a skeleton, the coelom acts as a hydrostatic
(fluid-filled) skeleton.
• 在没有骨骼的动物中，腔体充当流体静力（充满液体）的骨骼。肠系膜（膜褶皱）支持内脏器官
 Phylogenetic Tree of Animals
Deuterostome
Common ancestor development Chordates

Deuterostomia
Bilateral Symmetry Echinoderms
3 tissue layers
body cavity
Arthropods

Ecdysozoa
Tissue
layers Roundworms

Bilateria
Annelids

Protostomia
Multicellularity Molluscs
Ancestor

Lophotrochozoa
Flatworms

Protostome
development Rotifers

Lophophores

Comb jellies

Radiata
Radial Symmetry Cnidarians
2 tissue layers

Sponges
No true tissues 11
 Sponges 海绵
The Early Animals 早期动物
• Sponges: multicellular 海绵：多细胞
 Aquatic, largely marine 水生，主要是海洋
 Multicellular but lack organized tissues. No tissue layer 多细胞
但缺乏有组织的组织。无组织层
• Cellular level of organization 组织细胞级别
 Filter feeder—filters food out of water using pores and collar
cell microvilli 滤食器—使用孔和领细胞微绒毛过滤食物中的水分
 Reproduce both sexually and asexually 有性繁殖和无性繁殖
• Asexual fragmentation or budding 无性分裂或萌芽
Figure 19.8 Sponge Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

central sponge
cavity wall
amoeboid
cell

central pore
cavity porocyte
osculum epidermal
cell
spicule

Body wall

collar

flagellum nucleus
amoeboid cell
Yellow tube sponge Collar cell
© Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc.
• Cnidarians: true tissues 刺胞动物：真正的组织
 Radially symmetrical 径向对称
 Aquatic, mostly marine 水生，主要是海洋
 2 germ layers—ectoderm and endoderm2 胚层——外胚层和内胚
层
 Tissue level of organization
• 组织层面的组织
Figure 19.9a, b Cnidarians.
tentacles

mouth

bud tentacles

a. Hydra

b. Sea anemone

a: © CABISCO/Visuals Unlimited; b: © CABISCO/Phototake

 The Protostomes
Protostomes: mouth forms first

• Flatworms: bilateral symmetry 扁虫：双侧对称

 Have 3 germ layers 有 3 个胚层
 Acoelomate 阿科洛酯

 Examples 例子
 Planarians are free-living flatworms 涡虫是自由生活的扁虫
• Incomplete digestive 消化不完全
• Hermaphrodites 雌雄同体
 Both male and female sex organs 男性和女性的性器官
 Cross-fertilize 交叉施肥
Figure 19.10b Anatomy of a Planarian.
涡虫的解剖学。 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. Permission required for reproduction or fluid
display. cilia
flame cell

eyespots excretory flame

canal cell excretory canal

auricle pharynx extended

through mouth

External appearance Excretory system

ovary
transverse nerves

brain testis
sperm duct
gastrovascular
cavity pharynx

nerve cord penis in genital

chamber
genital
Nervous system pore

Reproductive and digestive systems

Flatworms 扁虫
• Examples 例子
 Parasitic flatworms in Humans 人类寄生扁虫
• Tapeworms 绦虫
 Endoparasites (internal parasites) 内寄生虫（内部寄生虫）
• Flukes 吸 虫
 Endoparasites (internal parasites) 内寄生虫（内部寄生虫）
 Oral sucker and at least one other sucker for attachment
 口腔吸盘和至少一个用于附着的其他吸盘

male
female
hooks
sucker

a. Tapeworm b. Blood fluke

a: © James Webb/Phototake; b: © NIBSC/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Tapeworms
绦虫
 Mollusks 软体动物
 Coelomates with complete digestive tract 腔肠具有完整的消化道
 Body with at least 3 parts 至少包含 3 个部件的主体
1. Visceral mass—internal organs 内脏肿块——内脏器官
2. Foot—muscular portion used for locomotion 足部——用于运动的肌肉部分
3. Mantle—envelopes but does not enclose visceral mass 地幔——包络但不包围
内脏肿块
 May secrete an exoskeleton called a shell 可能分泌一种称为壳的外骨骼

heart shell
coelom visceral mass
mantle
mantle
cavity
anus
gill
radula
mouth
a. foot
3 Classes of Mollusks: 3 类软体动物：
1. Gastropods1. 腹足类动物
• Examples: conchs, and snails 例如：海螺和蜗牛
• Herbivores or carnivores
• 食草动物或食肉动物

tentacle
gills
foot
Land snail
foot
mantle

Nudibranch
2. Cephalopods. 头足类动物
• Examples: octopuses, squids 例如：章鱼、鱿鱼
• Foot evolved into tentacles around head 脚进化成头
部周围的触手
• Well-developed nervous system and brain 发达的神
经系统和大脑
tentacles

eye

arm

eye

suckers
3. Bivalves 双壳类
• Examples: clams, oysters, scallops, mussels 例如：蛤蜊、牡蛎、
扇贝、贻贝
• 2 parts to the shell2 个零件到外壳
• Filter feeders 滤料喂料机

eye

tentacle valve

Scallop
valve

Mussels
• Annelids: segmented worms 环节动物：分节蠕虫
 Segmented—externally in rings encircling body 分段 - 外部环绕主
体的环
 Septa divide fluid-filled coelom 隔垫分流充满液体的腔体
• Used as hydrostatic skeleton 用作静压骨架
 Complete digestive tract with specialized parts 具有特殊部件的完整消
化道
 Nervous system has brain and ventral nerve cord 神经系统有脑神经
索和腹神经索

mouth pharynx
ventral
nerve cord brain
esophagus
ventral
blood vessel coelom

hearts
clitellum seminal
gizzard vesicle

nephridium crop
anus
dorsal
blood vessel
Annelids (3 groups)
 1.Polychaetes 多毛纲
• Have many setae per segment. Example clam worm 每个体节有很多刚毛。例如：蛤蠕虫
 2. Oligochaetes 寡毛纲
• Few setae per segment 每个体节有少量刚毛
• Example: Earthworm 例如：蚯蚓 Figure 19.
• Scavengers in soil 它们是土壤中的腐食者。 Examples of annelids.

spiraled
tentacles

setae

b. Christmas tree worm

a. Clam worm
 Figure 19.15c Examples of annelids.

anterior
sucker

posterior
sucker

• 3. Leeches 蛭 c. Medicinal leech

© St. Bartholomews Hospital/Photo Researchers, Inc.

 No setae 没有刚毛
 Most freshwater, but some marine or terrestrial 大多数生活在淡水中，但也有一些生活
在海洋或陆地上
 Some free-living but most are fluid feeders 有些是自由生活的，但大多数是流食者
 Hirudin is a powerful anticoagulant. 硫酸肝素是一种强力的抗凝血剂。
 Roundworms 蛔虫
• Roundworms: Pseudocoelomates 蛔虫：假腔虫
 Body cavity—pseudocoelom 体腔—假腔 Ascaris
 Complete digestive tract 完整的消化道
• Both mouth and anus 口腔和肛门
 Non-segmented 非分段
 Occur almost everywhere 几乎无处不在
 sea, fresh water, and soil 海洋、淡水和土壤
 Free-living or parasitic 自由生活或寄生
 Examples: parasites 示例：寄生虫
 Ascaris (intestinal), 蛔虫（肠道），
 Trichinosis (skeletal muscle)
 旋毛虫病（骨骼肌）
Figure 19.16 Roundworm anatomy.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

mouth

pharynx
brain dorsal
nerve cord

excretory
pore cuticle

lateral a. Ascaris
ventral Nerve cord
nerve
cord

sperm
duct

gut

sperm pseudocoelom

muscle
layer
seminal
vesicle
muscle layer
testis
Trichinella larva

cyst

cloaca
spicules that
aid in sperm
transfer anus
b. Ascaris anatomy c. Trichinella ×124

c: © John Burbidge/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Arthropods 节肢动物
 Extremely diverse—over 1 million species 种类繁多——超过 100 万种
• As many as 30 million may exist 可能存在多达 3000 万
• Most are insects 大多数是昆虫

 Success due to 6 characteristics 成功得益于 6 个特征

1. Jointed appendages—various modifications 关节附属物——各种修改
2. Exoskeleton—made of chitin, must be molted 外骨骼——由几丁质制成，必须
蜕皮
3. Segmentation—repeating body units 分割 - 重复实体单位
4. Well-developed nervous system 发达的神经系统
5. Variety of respiratory organs 多种呼吸器官
6. Metamorphosis 蜕变
 Larvae and adult have different lifestyle 幼虫和成虫有不同的生活方式
•Arthropods (3 groups)
1. Crustaceans1. 甲壳类动物
barnacles, shrimp, lobsters, crabs, crayfish 藤壶、虾、
龙虾、螃蟹、小龙虾

Figure 19.19 Crustacean diversity.

• Arthropods Figure 19.20 Arthropod diversity.

2. Arachnids 蜘蛛动物
• Spiders 蜘蛛
• Scorpions 蝎子
• Mites 螨
• Centipedes 蜈蚣
• Millipedes 千足虫
• Arthropods
3. Insects Ants, Flies, Bees, 3. 昆虫蚂蚁、苍蝇、蜜蜂、
Termites, Mosquitoes, Butterflies, Roaches 白蚁、蚊子、蝴蝶、蟑螂
• Very numerous and diverse 数量众多，种类繁多
• Entomology—study of insects 昆虫学——昆虫研究
• Adapted to active life on land 适应陆地上的积极生活
 Some have invaded aquatic habitats 有些已经入侵了水生栖息地
• Body—head, thorax, abdomen 身体——头部、胸部、腹部
• 3 pairs of legs, 1 or 2 pairs of wings or none
•
• 3 对腿， 1 或 2 对翅膀或没有
 Phylogenetic Tree of Animals
Deuterostome
Common ancestor development Chordates

Deuterostomia
Bilateral Symmetry Echinoderms
3 tissue layers
body cavity
Arthropods

Ecdysozoa
Tissue
layers Roundworms

Bilateria
Annelids

Protostomia
Multicellularity Molluscs
Ancestor

Lophotrochozoa
Flatworms

Protostome
development Rotifers

Lophophores

Comb jellies

Radiata
Radial Symmetry Cnidarians
2 tissue layers

Sponges
No true tissues 33
 The Deuterostomes 后口动物
• Deuterostomes: mouth forms second 嘴巴第二个形成

Echinoderms 棘皮动物
 Larva is free-swimming with bilateral symmetry 幼虫自由游泳，双侧对称
 Adults are radially symmetric no (head, brain) 成年体具有辐射对称，没有（头部、大脑
 Locomotion depends on water vascular system 运动取决于水血管系统
 No complex respiratory, excretory, or circulatory system 没有复杂的呼吸、排泄或循环
系统

 Examples: Sea Stars, Sea Cucumbers, Sea Lilies 示例：海星、海参、海百合

Figure 19.23 Echinoderm diversity.
Chordates 脊索动物

At some time in their life history, a chordate has

在他们生命史的某个时候，脊索动物有

4 characteristics:4 大特点：
1. Dorsal supporting rod called a notochord 背侧支撑
杆称为脊索
Vertebrates have an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone.
脊椎动物具有软骨或骨骼的内骨骼。
2. Dorsal tubular nerve cord 肾小管背侧神经索
3. Pharyngeal pouches 咽袋
4. Postanal tail 肛门后尾
Figure 19.25 The four chordate characteristics.

4 characteristics:

pharyngeal
pouches
dorsal tubular
nerve cord

notochord

postanal tail
• Evolutionary trends among the chordates
脊索动物的进化趋势

 Presence of vertebrae 椎骨的存在

 Jaws 下巴
 Bony skeleton 骨骨架
 Lungs 肺
 Jointed appendages 关节附属物
 Amniotic egg 羊水卵
 Mammary glands
 乳腺
Figure 19.27 Evolutionary tree of chordates.

Vertebrates
Tetrapods

cartilaginous bony lobe-finned

tunicates lancelets jawless fishes fishes fishes fishes amphibians reptiles* mammals

mammary glands

amniotic egg
*includes birds

limbs

lungs

bony skeleton

jaws

vertebrae

ancestral chordate
• Invertebrate chordates 无脊 Figure 19.26a
Invertebrate chordates.
椎动物脊索动物
 Notochord never replaced by
vertebral column 脊索永不被脊椎柱所替代

 Tunicates
• “Sea squirts” can squirt water from
siphon when disturbed 被囊状物覆盖的脊索动
物（ Tunicates ） “海鞘”在受到干扰时可以从喷口
喷出水

 Lancelets
• Marine chordates few cm long 剑尾动物
（ Lancelets ） 海洋脊索动物，几厘米长
 Vertebrate Chordates 脊椎动物脊索动物
Notochord replaced by vertebral column 脊索被脊柱取代
1.Fishes 鱼
Gills, 腮
Covered in scales, 覆盖着鳞片，
Reproduce by laying eggs, 通过产卵繁殖，
2-chambered heart 两腔心脏

Ectothermic: body temperature matches outside

environment 变温：体温与外界环境相匹配
 Examples: Fishes, amphibians, and reptiles 示例：鱼类、两栖动物和爬
行动物
 Must move to warmer or cooler area to regulate temperature
 必须移动到较热或较冷的区域以调节温度
 Vertebrate Chordates

1. Fishes
First vertebrates were jawless fishes 最早的脊椎动物
是无颌鱼类

 3 living classes of fishes3 种鱼类

1.Jawless 无颌
2.Cartilaginous 软骨的
3.Bony 嶙峋
4.Two latter groups have jaws
 后两组有下颌
 Figure 19.29a Diversity of fishes.

a. Jawless fishes 无颌鱼

Lamprey 七鳃鳗 toothed oral disk

 No jaws or paired fins 没有颚或 gill slits

(seven pairs)
成对的鳍
 Some are parasites.
 有些是寄生虫。

© Heather Angel/Natural Visions

a. Lamprey, jawless fish

b. Cartilaginous fishes 软骨鱼类 Figure 19.29b
 Sharks, skates, and rays 鲨鱼、溜冰鞋和鳐鱼 Diversity of fishes.
 Skeletons of cartilage, not bone 软骨骨骼，
而不是骨头
 3 well-developed senses enable dorsal fin gill slits
(five pairs)
sharks and rays to detect prey
 3 发达的感官使鲨鱼和鳐鱼能够发现猎物

pectoral fin jaw with

teeth
b.

Bull shark, cartilaginous fish

c. Bony fishes 硬骨鱼 Figure 19.29c Diversity of fishes.
 Most numerous and diverse of all
vertebrates 所有脊椎动物中数量最多、种类繁多
 Fins supported by bony spikes 鳍由骨刺
支撑 swim bladder stomach muscle
bony vertebra
lateral line

• Examples: brain

nostril

• Perch, 例子：
• trout, 鲈鱼 scales

• salmon, 鳟鱼 mandible
gills

鲑鱼 kidney
gonad heart

• haddock 黑线鳕
intestine gallbladder liver

c. Soldier fish, a bony fish

2. Amphibians: 两栖动物：
Vertebrate, jointed limbs 脊椎动物，关节
肢体
 Frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders 青蛙、蟾蜍、蝾螈和蝾螈
 Features not seen in bony fish 硬骨鱼所没有的特征
 lungs 肺
• Jointed limbs 四肢关节
• Eyelids 眼睑
• Ears 耳朵
• Sound-producing larynx 喉部发声
• Larger brain 大脑更大
• 3-chambered heart
• 三腔心脏
2. Amphibians
 Adults usually have small lungs. 成年的通常肺很小。
 3 chambered heart3 腔心
• Mixed blood sent to all parts of body 混合血液输送到身体的各个部位
 Larval stage lives in water; adults live on land 幼虫阶段生活在水中 ; 成年生活在陆地上
• Amphibious life 水陆两栖生活
• Metamorphosis is a characteristic, but some are direct developers
• 蜕变是一个特征，但有些是直接开发者
3. Reptiles: amniotic egg 爬行动物：羊膜卵
Inside the amniotic egg are a series of fluid-filled membranes which permit the
embryo to survive 羊水卵内有一系列充满液体的膜，使胚胎能够存活
Turtles, crocodiles, snakes, lizards, and birds 海龟，鳄鱼、蛇、蜥蜴和鸟类
 Body covered in scales 身体被鳞片覆盖
 Well-developed lungs enclosed by protective rib cage 发育良好的肺被
保护性肋骨封闭
 3-chambered heart
 三腔心脏
4. Birds 鸟类
 Nearly every anatomical feature related to flight 几乎所有与飞行相关的解剖学特征
• Forelimbs modified into wings 前肢被改造成翅膀
• Hollow, light bones laced with air cavities 空心、轻质的骨头上布有气腔
• Horny beak instead of heavy jaws 角质的喙而不是沉重的下巴
• Efficient respiration using air sacs 使用气囊进行高效呼吸
• Completely separated 4-chambered heart 完全分离的 4 腔心脏
• Acute vision and well-developed brains 敏锐的视力和发达的大脑

 Endotherms—generate internal heat 吸热 - 产生内部热量

 Birds and mammals are endotherms 鸟类和哺乳动物是吸热动物
Figure 19.33 Birds are well adapted for flight.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Feather anatomy
barbule
barb
shaft
nostril
ear opening

trachea
lung
testis esophagus
kidney
gizzard
vas deferens crop
ureter heart
liver
sternum

pancreas
rectumcloaca
Figure 19.33 Birds are well adapted for flight.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5. Mammals 哺乳动物
 Endotherms (like birds) 吸热

 2 chief characteristics of
mammals 哺乳动物的 2 个主要特征
• Hair—provides insulation against
heat loss 头发—提供隔热材料，防止热量损失
• Mammary glands (milk glands)
enable female to feed young
without leaving them to find food
 乳腺（乳腺）使雌性能够喂养幼崽，而无需离开它们寻找
食物
5. Mammals
 Endotherms (like birds)

Three groups 三组
 Monotremes 单体
 Marsupials 有袋动物
 Placental
 胎盘的
Figure 19.35a
 a. Monotremes 单体
 Spiny anteater 多刺食蚁兽
 Duckbill platypus 鸭嘴兽
• Have cloaca (like birds) and lay
hard-shelled amniote eggs 有泄殖腔（像
鸟一样）并产下硬壳羊膜蛋
Figure 19.35b, c.

 b. Marsupials
 b. 有袋动物
 Mainly in Australia 主要在澳大利亚
• Born in immature condition 出生时未成熟
• Newborns complete development inside female’s pouch 新生儿在女性袋内完成
发育
• koalas, 考拉
• kangaroos, 袋鼠
• Tasmanian wolf (extinct) 塔斯马尼亚狼（已灭绝）
 c. Placental Mammals 胎盘哺乳动物
• Vast majority of living mammals 绝大多数现存哺乳动物
• Extraembryonic membranes of amniote egg modified for internal
development of embryo within uterus of female 羊膜卵的胚外膜经过修饰，用于女性子宫
内胚胎的内部发育
• Adapted to active life on land 适应陆地上的积极生活
 Well-developed brain—expansion of cerebral hemispheres 发达的大脑——大
脑半球的扩张
 Four-chambered heart 四腔心脏
 Internal temperature is constant (Endotherms) 内部温度恒定（吸热）
 19.6 Human Evolution 人类进化
• All primates share a common ancestor. 所有灵长类动物都有一个共同的祖
先。
• Prosimians—lemurs, tarsiers, and lorises 普罗西米亚人——狐猴、眼
镜猴和懒猴
• Anthropoids—monkeys, apes, and humans 类人猿——猴子、猿类
和人类

• Primates adapted to arboreal life (life in trees) 适应树栖生活的灵长类动物（树上生活）

 Mobile limbs 活动肢体
 Opposable thumbs and big toes 相对的拇指和大脚趾
• Trend toward larger and more complex brain 大脑变得更大、更复杂的趋势
Prosimians

Anthropoids
 19.6 Human Evolution
• Evolutionary tree indicates humans most closely related to
African apes 进化树表明人类与非洲猿类关系最密切
 Humans did not evolve from apes 人类不是从猿类进化而来的
 Believed to share a common ancestor about 7 MYA
 据信在大约 7 MYA 中有一个共同的祖先

Evolutionary tree of Humans

Figure 19.37 Evolutionary tree of primates.
Anthropoids

human

spider monkey gibbon

chimpanzee
lemur baboon

Prosimians New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys Gibbons Apes and Chimpanzees Hominins
0
6
Hominid
12
18
Million Years Ago (MYA)

common ancestor
24 for apes and humans
30
36
42
48
common ancestor
54 for all primates
60
66
• Cro-Magnons (Homo sapiens) Cro-Magnons （智
人）
 Modern appearance 现代外观
 Advanced tools 高级工具
 May have been first to make knifelike blades and
throw spears 可能是第一个制造刀状刀片和投掷长矛的人
 Hunted cooperatively 合作狩猎
 Perhaps first to have language 也许是第一个拥有语言的人
 Culture included art 文化包括艺术
