COMPLICATE

D AND
TRAUMATIC
GRIEF
B R I T T A N Y S T O N E M T- B C , M M , N M T, N I C U -
MT
 DEFINITION OF FOCUS:
• Bereavement: the state of having lost through death someone
whom one has had a close relationship. This state includes a
range of grief and morning responses. (DSM-5 2013 818)
– Recognize that it doesn’t say “loving” relationships
HOW DO YOU DEFINE
NOMRAL GRIEF?
• Researchers have tried to define normal/abnormal grief.
– Normal is complicated by diversity in contemporary American culture
– Key element: Specific symptoms & levels of human distress that are
“life-limiting.”
“Yes grief hurts, but when the pain is so severe that it is interfering with a
person’s ability to cope and to heal on their own, we can intervene and
relieve that unnecessary pain and suffering related to traumatic grief. It’s
really a question of knowing when to introduce any professionals, even
grief counselors, during the grief process.”
Shelby Jacobs, The Grief and Healing Newsletter
 • Principle One: There is no one right way to grieve.
• Principle Two: You cannot fix or cure grief.
• Principle Three: There is no universal timetable for the grief
journey.
• Principle Four: Every loss is a multiple loss.
– Other losses can be false beliefs we held.

REALITIES • Principle Five: Change = Loss = Grief.

OF GRIEF • Principle Six: We grieve old loss while grieving new loss.
• Principle Seven: We grieve when a loss has occurred or is
BY SHEP threatened.

JEFFRIES
“The human grief reaction is a combination of
thoughts, physical and emotional feelings, and behaviors that
enable us
to survive. It is, therefore, a normal way of reacting whenever we
have
already lost or are afraid we will lose someone or
something important to us.”
Shep Jeffreys (2011) 43
 “GRIEF is not an illness to be
treated or cured. It is a healthy response to a
painful reality that one’s world is forever altered,
and will never be the same. Absorbing this loss,
and adapting to all the changes it unleashes, has
its own unique course for every person, and will
not be stilled or stopped by quick fixes or simple
solutions. Death is a life-altering event, but
grief
is not a pathological condition.”
Attig, et. all (2013)
THE DUAL HYPOTHESIS OF LOSS
STROEBE & SCHUT 2001

Restoratio
Loss
n
Orientatio
Orientatio
n
n
ELEMENTS OF AN INTEGRATED GREIF
NIEMEYER, 2013

Finality of death acknowledged

Bittersweet emotions accessible & changing

Mental representation of deceased revised
and revisited
Coherent narrative loss formulation

Life goals reformulated

THREE CATEGORIES OF GRIEVERS
GEORGE BONANNO, 2013

Chronic 10-15 Recovering 15- Resilient 35-65

percent 25 percent percent
 Impatience
SOCIETIES
MISCONCEI The emergence of
VED
NOTIONS bereaving vs.
ABOUT bereaved
GRIEF The difference
between closure
and erasure
 WHAT NOT TO SAY

• Don’t say – I can’t imagine what you are going through

• Do Say- Help me understand what your feeling , its so big.
 • Is there some event that the griever has faced,
survived, & thrived?

Inner Strengths [George Bonanno 2013 26 April]

EVALUATING 1. Demographic factors: age & gender
AND 2. Preparation & prior exposure to challenge
DEVELOPING 3. Economic resources
INNER 4. Beliefs: acceptance of justice, death, shared notions

STRENGTHS 5. Social support

6. Personality
7. Genetic Disposition
 “You gain strength, courage, and confidence
by every experience in which you stop
to look fear in the face [and] you are able to
say ‘I lived through this horror.
I can take the next thing that comes along.”

“You must do the thing you thing you

cannot do!”
Eleanor Roosevelt (1960), 29, 30
• Eleanor wrote these words just days after the unexpected death of
her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, 1945.
What is the thing you think you cannot do?
I think I cannot ________________________________________
I think I cannot ________________________________________
I think I cannot ________________________________________
I think I cannot ________________________________________
I think I cannot ________________________________________
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF
GRIEF FROM GRIEVERS
Find ways to
Understanding
honor your loved
that its grief is a
one on the
Cyclical process
ANNIVERSARY of
and not Linear
their death.
Judaism- Light a
candle on the
eve of the death
anniversary of
loved one and let
it burn for 24
hours.
 WHAT DRIVES GRIEVERS
INTO THERAPY?
“In the telling of our tales we seek help in finding answers, or at least, permission to share
the burning questions.” Robert Neimeyer (1998) 54
• Mekom hanekhama
• Vast majority [90-95%] of grievers do not seek help.
• Other grievers struggle with an “unfinished” narrative
• cannot stop telling the primary reenactment narrative
• cannot stop telling the second narrative: being remorseful,
• enraged or retaliatory
• need to protect others, the deceased, themselves.

No sense______________________________Good deal of sense

(RESOURCE: Anchor Points -Currier, Holland & Neimeyer 2010,
412)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VIOLENT
LOSS VS TRAUMATIC LOSS

Violent loss- Traumatic loss-

umbrella term reserved for
for homicide, subjective
suicide & experiences of
accidents. loss
DEFUSING PAST GRIEVING
MYTHS: Reaching beyond “the Five Stages”
– We devalue each person’s uniqueness if we focus on “universal”
– stages.
– We focus unnecessarily on pathology.
– We overemphasize feelings.
– We unwittingly promote a “One-size-fits-all” [Neimeyer 1998]
“There are no stages of grief. But people will always try to fit themselves
into a defined category if one is offered them. Sadly, this is particularly true
if the offer comes from a powerful authority
such as therapist, clergyperson, or doctor.”
James & Friedman (2009)
 Religious/Spiritual
Environments for
Grief: Christianity
Geographic (all of its
Environments for subdivisions by
Grief: rural, denomination and

ACKNOWLEDG suburban, urban,

inner city
location),
Buddhism, Judaism,
Atheism, Islam,
ING RELIGION, Hinduism, Taoism,
etc.
CULTURE,
ETHNICITY, & Family/ Home
Environments for
GENDER Cultural Traditions
for Grief- Day of the
Grief: Who does
your household
Dead, visitations or contain- parents,
no visitation, etc. grandparents,
mostly male,
mostly female, etc.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING GRIEF FOR
AFRICAN-AMERICANS
ROSENBLATT & WALLACE 2005
• Many African American males do not expect to live long into adulthood.
2010 Census: Table 313: Homicide Victims by Race
Caucasian males 5.4 per African-American males
100,000 39.7 per 100,000

Caucasian females 1.9 per African-American females 6.2

100,000 per 100,000

• Shaped by a strong faith.

• Influenced by broader family ties: Who is family?
• History of struggle against racism
• Skepticism toward intentionality in mental health professions
• First and Key resource may be a pastor
NEED FOR • Do not say, “I am here to help you.”
CULTURAL – Rather: “I am here. How might I be able to help?”

SENSITIVITY • Strong preoccupation with the present

WITH LATIN • Body language and tone of voice speak more
AMERICAN than words

PATIENTS • Disease may be attributed to an individual(s)

believed to hold a grudge or an angry ancestor
AND
• Latino & Asian resistance to nursing homes,
FAMILIES hospice care & DNR
[STEVENSON • Uncommon for Latinos to use “closure” or
& CABRERA, “moving on”
2013 3 JUNE] • Latinos seek to maintain a continuing bond with
their dead.
 • religion or spirituality
• socioeconomic status
CONTEXT • professional/vocational
UAL • the cultural milieu
FACTORS
COULD • level of post-death family environment
INFLUENC
E SENSE- [Traylor, Hayslip, Kraminski & York,
MAKING: 2003]
““Many. . . will be unable to fully grasp the meaning
of death,
dying, and grief if the issues related to religion and
spirituality are never addressed.” Robert Stevenson
(2007) 316
 CULTURAL CONCEPTS OF
DISTRESS
DSM-5
• Maladi moun: (found in Haitian communities) “humanly caused illness/sent
sickness. Envy and malice cause people to harm enemies by sending illnesses.
Someone who is attractive, intelligent, or wealthy is perceived as especially
vulnerable.[DSM-5 2013 835]
• Nervios: general state of vulnerability among Latinos to stressful life experiences &
difficult life circumstances. [DSM-5 2013 835]
• Susto: (From the Spanish word for "fright”) illness attributed to a frightening
experience that causes the soul to leave the body. [DSM-5 2013 836]
• Attaque de nervious: (Latino descent) may be triggered by news of the death of a
close relative; may be impacted by accumulated experience of suffering [DSM-5
833]10
What the DSM-5 Does not Mean What the DSM-5 Does Mean
That "grief is now a mental disorder." That physicians & healthcare workers need a better
understanding of the key differences between ordinary
grief and major depression.
That anyone who is grieving within 2 weeks of a loved one's That bereaved persons with normal grief often
death --in other words, most people! -- will be diagnosed experience a mixture of sadness and more pleasant
with MDD. emotions, as they recall memories of the deceased.

That most bereaved persons will meet full DSM-5 criteria That some depressed and bereaved patients will heal
for MDD. and recover with "tincture of time."

That we should be starting everyone with bereavement- That anguish and pain are usually experienced in
related MDD on antidepressants! "waves" or "pangs“ rather than continuously as in
MDD.
That grievers typically maintain hope that things will
get better while the clinically depressed patient’s
mood is almost uniformly one of gloom, despair, and
hopelessness -- nearly all day, nearly every day.
That bereaved individuals usually maintain a strong
emotional connection with friends and family and often
can be consoled by them.
That the person suffering a severe MDD is usually too
self-focused and emotionally "cut off" to enjoy the
company/support of others.
That some will benefit from cognitive, supportive, or
grief-oriented psychotherapies.

That more severely depressed, grieving patients --

REVIEW OF TYPES OF GRIEF
AND LOSS
 PROLONGED VS TRAUMATIC
GRIEF
• Prolonged Grief: The intense difficulty about the loss of the relationship more
than the mode of death.
“This is the forked tongue of grief again. It whispers in one ear: return to
what you once loved best, and in the other ear it whispers, move on.”
Chris Cleare (2010) 233
• Traumatic Grief: The loss of the relationship AND manner/ circumstances of the
death. [John Jordan]
“They are not only dealing with a traumatic act, but they’re dealing with a very
vulnerable loss of someone they desperately needed and who is connected to
them.” Ted Rynearson, The Grief and Healing Newsletter
 RISK
PREVIOUS
LOSS/EXPOSURE TO
TRAUMA
PREVIOUS
PSYCHIATRIC
DIAGNOSES
FACTORS
FOR
TRAUMAT
RELATIONSHIP(S)
WITH DECEASED
ABSENCE OF
SPIRITUAL/EXISTENTI
IC
MOURNIN
AL FRAMEWORK

Many people are exposed to more

trauma
G (JOHN
and more frequently than they
know.”
George Bonanno 2013 26 April
JORDAN)
 may be confused about what exactly happened;

need to review sequence of events in detail;

SURVIVO
RS OF
may be frustrated that accessed information is inadequate
to formulate a coherent account of the experience TRAUMA
The “Vice” of Traumatizing Elements [Currier, Holland &
Neimeyer, 2006]

Suddenness Violence
 THE THERESE RANDO SIX
“R” MODEL FOR HEALTHY
ACCOMMODATION:
1. RECOGNIZE the loss(es)
a. Primary. . . Secondary
b. Immediate. . . consequential. . Developmental
2. REACT to the separation
a. Re-experiencing the deceased(s)
b. Sensory intrusions
c. Flashbacks
d. Intense emotions
e. Somatic complaints
f. Nightmares & disturbed sleep patterns
g. Re-activated older ( negative) memories
h. Compulsive re-exposure
i. Avoidance: places, family, people, activities, routines, music, food/eating, etc.
j. Hyper- Arousal: inability to modulate arousal, heightened startle response,
restlessness, hyper-vigilant, sleep difficulties, difficulty concentrating, regression.
k. Cognitive Reorganization : The way the griever explain the world.
3. RECOLLECT & RE-EXPERIENCE the deceased and the relationship
– Hesped: a “balanced” eulogy [Brenner 1993]
– The iceberg factor [Ben Wolfe]
– “Sanctification of the dead” [Lopata 1981]
– Re-scripting the relational narrative
– Polishing “the glittering image” [Susan Howatch]
RESOURCE: A Living Hesped
Positive Negative
A ____________________ _______________________
B ____________________ _______________________
C ____________________ _______________________
D ____________________ _______________________
E ____________________ _______________________
F ____________________ _______________________
4. RELINQUISH old attachments to the deceased & old assumptive world.
– “The “rear view mirror” analogy
5. READJUST to move adaptively into the new world without forgetting the old.
– Building a different kind of relationship with & mourning social orbits.
“While we can’t live in the past, we can’t act as if we had no past. We are not literally
‘holding on.’ What we are dealing with is reconstructing the relationship” or building a
different kind of relationship with the deceased.” Phyllis Silverman, PhD
6. REINVEST
“Grieving is a journey that teaches us how to love in a new way now that
our loved one is no longer with us. Consciously remember those who have
died is the key that opens our hearts,
that allows us to love them in new ways.”
Tom Attig, The Heart of Grief
“You think the dead we loved ever truly leave us? You think that we don't
recall them more clearly than ever in times of great trouble?
Your father is alive in you, Harry, and shows himself plainly
when you have need of him.”
 TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR
TRAUMATIC LOSS
1. Re-telling strategies
a. Restorative narratives
For six years I’ve pushed [my parents] and their death to the fringes of my
heart. That’s all I could tolerate, my focus was on our boys and Steve.
How hideous, that there should be a pecking order in my grief.”
Sonali Deraniyagala (2013) 162
b. Borrowed Narratives
“If I talk long enough, you will say, ‘Oh, that is my history too.”
Maya Angelou (2011 February 1)
“ “There is nothing particularly interesting about one’s own story unless
people can say as they read it, ‘Why, this is like what I have been through.
Perhaps, after all, there is a way to work it out.”
Eleanor Roosevelt (1984) xix
 – Ask griever to identify an historical
personage from whom to draw insight and
possibility. “How would [this individual]
2. TAPPING react in your situation?”
INTO “PEOPLE – “How might [this individual] counsel you?”
POTENTIAL” – “What might [this individual] say to you
(W IL LY N W E B B 1 99 9 ) that you would find helpful and
– hopeful?”
– “What would you like to ask [this
individual] about grief?”
 3. EFFECTIVE USE OF SELF-DISCLOSURE

• Using personal stories can help to connect and

feel more humanistic
Counselors need to “attend to their own sense
of woundedness.” David Crenshaw (2007) 234
 4. RITUALS
• Visitations, wakes, calling hours
• The funeral/memorial service
• The committal
• Rituals act as bridges between life phases
“Rituals exude vital importance to humans in the quest
to make sense of the mysteries surrounding death. As
long as people have grouped themselves together,
ceremonies have navigated them through the uncertain
terrain that accompanies death.”
William Hoy (2013)
 IMPORTANCE OF RITUAL

a. Key elements of a b. Grievers need c. Three gifts of

healthy ritual [Hoy, rituals: ritual:
2013] • To tell us what has • Gift of condolence
• connection happened • Gift of promise of future
• support • To permission how we feel assistance
• witness • To recognize new status • Gift of memory “slices”
 5. PRAYER

• Prayer: “ When all we are and everything we do are

called into question, grant us dignity and direction
grant us patience.” adapted from The New Zealand
Prayer book
• Create new Prayers
• Prayer Journal
 6. CREATIVE INTERVENTIONS
a. Poetry-writing
“Grief came knocking at my door one day.”
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• “I keep hoping that one of these days.”
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
• 3 words + 3 word + 4 words
________ ___________ ___________
________ ___________ ___________
________ ___________ ___________ __________
b. Making Gratitude
Three Jumpstart Questions [Bonanno 2009]
“

• What might be right about this?

• How could this have been worse?
• What are you—at this time--grateful for?

A Dozen + 1 Gratitudes
Today/tonight I am grateful for _________________
Today/tonight I am grateful for _________________
c. Making Memoir
“Writing memoir is a way to figure out who you used to be and
how you go to be who you are.” Abigail Thomas, Thinking About Memoir

The memoir “slice”: 3 pages/double space, 20 font [Smith 2013]

Memoir Prompts:
[N] idea of a midnight snack
[N] best birthday/holiday gift to me
[N] always said
[N] laugh sounded like
 Relevant Questions for Pet Grievers [Jon
Katz 2011]
• • Did I give my pet the best life I could?
NEW AREA • • Did I feed him/her every single day of his life?
FOR GRIEF • • Did I take care of her/him when he was sick?

WORK: • • Did I take him/her with me whenever I could?

PET • • Did I appreciate and return her/his affection?

• • Did I recognize and honor her/his true nature?
GRIEVERS • • Did I love him/her?
• • Do I miss her/him?
• • Did she/he have a good life?
 BRINGING THE WHOLE SELF
TO GREIF THERAPY
Your self-care may be as important as your credentials.
1. Anticipating, acknowledging compassion fatigue
2. Spiritual-Existential Crisis
a. Triggers our own past—& not-so-past traumas and losses
b. Reminds us of our own worst fears
c. Elevates our own existential anxiety

“As caregivers and counselors go through life the number of losses

in both their personal and professional lives accumulates and the
distance to their own death diminishes.” David Crenshaw (2007) 234
3. Defusing personal Triggers
 Acknowledging ADT: attention deficit trait
Distractibility
Inner frenzy
Impatience
 What to do?
a. Defuse noise & racket
b. Reserve “Thank time”
c. Periodic fasts from electronic intruders
d. Invest in a massage

“If he ignores the dragon, it will eat him.

If he tries to confront the dragon, it will overpower
him.
If he rides the dragon, he will take advantage of its
might and power.”
Chinese wisdom
 “Sit down! Hush up! Stop trying to fix
things! Be still for a while.” Lois Wagner RN
(2005)

“Rippling refers to the fact that each of us

creates— often without our conscious
intent or knowledge—concentric circles
that may affect others for years, even for
generations.”
Irving Yalom (2008) 83
 BOOK RESOURCES & WEBSITES
• Centering Operation- Largest center for grieving resources for children
– https://centering.org/
• Children Books
– Karst, Patrica. The invisible string.
– Evans, Richard. The dance.
– Howe, James. There’s a monster under my bed.
– Fox, Mem. Wilfred Gordon McDonald Partridge
– Munsch, Robert. Love you forever
– Munsch, Robert. The fire station.
– Langston, Laura. Remember grandma?
– Shulevitz, Uri. The Treasure
• Bonanno, George. (2009). The other side of sadness: What the new science of bereavement tells us about
life after loss. New York: Basic Books.
• Hoy, William J. (2013). Do funerals matter? The purposes and practices of death rituals in perspective.
New York; Routledge.Long, Thomas, & Lynch, Thomas. (2013). The
• LaGrand, L. E. (2006). Love lives on: learning from the extraordinary encounters of the bereaved. New
York: Berkley Books.
• Matlins, Stuart N. (2000). The perfect stranger’s guide to funerals and grieving practices: A guide to
etiquette in other peoples’ ceremonies. Woodstock, VT: Skylight Paths. Diversity Qualifiers
• Neimeyer, Robert. (1998). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
• Yalom, Irvin D. (2008). Staring at the sun: Overcoming the terror of death. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 REFERENCES
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric Association.
Attig, Thomas. (2000). The heart of grief: Death and the search for lasting love. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bonanno, George. (2009). The other side of sadness: What the new science of bereavement tells us about life after loss. New York: Basic
Books.
Bonanno, George. (2013 26 April). Resilience. Invited presentation. Association for Death Education and Counseling. West Hollywood,
California.
Boss, Pauline. (2006). Loss, trauma, and resilience: Therapeutic work with ambiguous loss. New York: W.W. Norton.
Brady, Sally Ryder. (2011). A box of darkness: The story of a marriage. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Brenner, Anne. (1993). Mourning and mitzvah: A guided journal for walking the mourner’s path through grief to healing. Woodstock,
Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing.
Burke, Laurie A., Neimeyer, Robert A., McDevitt-Murphy, Meghan E., Ippolito, Maria R., & Roberts, J. Michael. (2011). Faith in the wake of
homicide: Religious coping and bereavement distress in an African American sample. The International Journal for the
Psychology of Religion, 2l: 289-307.
Carmack, Betty. (2002). Grieving the death of a pet. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg.
Cleare, Chris. (2010). Little bee. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Cole, Natalie, with Ritz, David. (2010). Love brought me back: A journey of loss and grace. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Claypool, John. (2005). God the ingenious alchemist. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse.
Crenshaw, David A. (2007). Life span issues and assessment and intervention. In David
Balk (Ed.), Handbook of Thanatology: The essential body of knowledge for the study of death, dying, and bereavement (pp. 227-234).
Northbrook, IL: Association for Death
Education and Counseling.
Deraniyagala, Sonali. (2013). Wave. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Doka, Kenneth. (2002). Disenfranchised grief: New dimensions, challenges, and strategies for practice. Champaign. Illinois:
Research Press
Eck, Diana L. (2001). A new religious America: How a ‘Christian country’ has now become the world’s most religiously nation.
SanFrancisco: HarperSan Francisco.
Elison, Jennifer, & McGonigle, Chris. (2003). Liberating losses: When death brings relief. New York: Perseus Publishing.
Foote, Catherine, & Frank, Arthur. (1999). Foucault and therapy: The discipline of grief. In A. Chambon, A. Irving, & L. Epstein (Eds.),
Reading Foucault for social work (pp. 157-188). New York: Columbia University Press.
Gilbert, Daniel. (2006). Stumbling on happiness. New York: Scribner.
Hallowell, E.M. (2008). Overloaded circuits: Why smart people underperform. Harvard Business Review on bringing your whole self
to work (pp. 1-21). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review.
Hoy, William G. (2013 May). Bereavement and the DSM-5 (Part 1). Grief Perspectives, pp. 1-3.
Hoy, William G. (2013 June). The relationship of depression and grief: Understanding DSM-5 changes. Grief Perspectives, pp. 1-3.
Hoy, William J. (2013). Do funerals matter? The purposes and practices of death rituals in perspective. New York; Routledge.
Humphrey, Keren. (2009). Counseling strategies for loss and grief. Alexandra, VA: American Counseling Association.
Huth, John Edward. (2013). The lost art of finding our way. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Isherwood, Charles. (2013 15 February). Laramie’s past isn’t dead. It’s not even past. The New York Times, C1, C4.
Jeffreys, J. Shep. (2011). Helping grieving people: When tears are not enough. A handbook for care providers. Rev. ed. New York:
Brunner.
Jordan, John, & Neimeyer, Robert A. (2003). Does grief counseling work? Death Studies, 27, 765-786.
Jordan, John R., & Neimeyer, Robert A. (2007). Historical and contemporary perspectives on assessment and intervention. In David
Balk (Ed.), Handbook of Thanatology: The essential body of knowledge for the study of death, dying, and bereavement (pp.
213-226). Northbrook, IL: Association for Death Education and Counseling.
Katz, Jon. (2011). Going home: Finding peace when a pet dies. New York: Villard.
Kelley, Lynn. (2000). Don’t ask for the dead man’s golf clubs: What to do and say (and not do) what a friend loses a loved one. New
York: Workman.
Klass, Dennis, Silverman, Phyllis, & Nickman, Steven L. (1996). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Washington, D.C.:
Taylor & Francis
Lopata, Helena Zhaniecki. (1981). Widowhood and husband sanctification. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 439-450.
Martin, Terry L., and Doka, Kenneth J. (2010). Men don’t cry . . . women do: Transcending stereotypes of grief. Philadelphia:
Brunner/Mazel.
McDevitt-Murphy, M.E, Neimeyer, R.A., Burke, L.A., and Williams, J.L. (2009). Assessing the toll of traumatic loss: Psychological
symptoms in African Americans bereaved by homicide, Presented at 31st ADEC Conference, Dallas, Texas.
Neimeyer, Robert. (1998). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Neimeyer, Robert A. (2013 4 June). Traumatic loss and the reconstruction of meaning. Keynote. 2013 International Death, Grief and
Rando, Therese, (1992-93). The increasing prevalence of complicated mourning: The onslaught is just beginning. Omega, 26 (1),
43-59.
Roosevelt, Eleanor. (1992). The autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt. New York: Da Capo Press.
Roosevelt, Eleanor. (1960). You learn by living. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.
Rosenblatt, Paul C., & Wallace, Beverly R. (2005). Narratives of grieving African-Americans about racism in the lives of deceased
family members. Death Studies, 29(3), 217-235.
Rynearson, Edward K. (2001). Retelling violent death. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Routledge.
Sendak, Maurice. (2013 15 February). In Garner, Dwight. A farewell, whispered and roared. The New York Times, C25.
Shapiro, Francine. (1997). EMDR. New York, N.Y.: Perseus Books Group.
Shear, M.K. (2011/2012). Bereavement and the DSM5. Omega, 64(2), 101-118.
Shneidman, Edwin S. (2001). Suicidology and the university: A founder’s reflections at 80. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior,
3l(1), 1-8.
Smith, Harold Ivan. (2005). GriefKeeping: Learning how long grief lasts. New York: Crossroad.
Smith, Harold Ivan. (2012). En training. In Robert A. Neimeyer (Ed). Techniques of grief therapy: Creative practices for counseling
the bereaved. New York: Routledge.
Smith, Harold Ivan. (2012). Borrowed narratives: Using historical and biographical narratives with the bereaving. New York:
Routledge.
Steffens, Bradley. (2002). J.K. Rowling. Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale.
Stevenson, R.G. (2007). Religion, spirituality, and death education. In David Balk (Ed.), The Handbook of thanatology (pp. 315-
328). Northbrook, Ill: Association for Death Education and Counseling.
Stevenson, Robert G., & Cabrera, Fernando. (2013 3 June). Loss issue with minorities children in an urban setting. Keynote. 2013
International Death, Grief and Bereavement Conference. La Crosse, WI.
Stroebe, Margaret, & Schut, Hans. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death
Studies, 23, 197-224.
Stroebe, Margaret S., & Schut, Henk. (2001). Meaning making in the dual process model of coping with bereavement. Chapter 3 in
Robert A. Neimeyer [Ed.], Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss, (pp. 55-73). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Thomas, Abigail. (2008). Thinking about memoir. New York: AARP/ Sterling.
Tillman, Marie. (2012). The letter: My journey through love, loss, and life. New York: Grand Central.
Traylor, E.S., Hayslip, B., Kraminski, P.L., & York, C. (2003). Relationships between and family system characteristics. Death
Studies, 27, 575-601.
Van Dyke, Dick. (2011). My lucky life in and out of show business: A memoir. New York: Crown Archtype.
Wagner, Lois. (2005 Summer). Cited in Palmer, Anita. Writing the last chapter: PLNU school of nursing professor advises tackling
end-of-life issues now. Viewpoint, 3-5.
Webb, Willyn. (1999). Solutioning: Solution-focused interventions for counselors. New York: Accelerated Development.