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response

The document outlines the concepts of stimulus and response in living organisms, detailing how plants and invertebrates react to environmental changes for survival. It explains the roles of receptors, effectors, and the nervous system in coordinating these responses, including the structure and function of neurones and synapses. Additionally, it provides definitions and examples of various responses, particularly in green plants and invertebrates, and includes evaluation questions to test understanding.

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Jeneava Shirley
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14 views

response

The document outlines the concepts of stimulus and response in living organisms, detailing how plants and invertebrates react to environmental changes for survival. It explains the roles of receptors, effectors, and the nervous system in coordinating these responses, including the structure and function of neurones and synapses. Additionally, it provides definitions and examples of various responses, particularly in green plants and invertebrates, and includes evaluation questions to test understanding.

Uploaded by

Jeneava Shirley
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IRRITABIL

ITY
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Objectives

1 2 3 4 5
Define stimulus, Describe the Explain why the Explain the Describe the
response, response of: response to relationship transmission of
receptors and • Green plants to stimuli is among the impulses across
effectors. light and gravity important fro receptor, central synapses.
• Invertebrates to survival of nervous system
organisms. and the effector.
light intensity,
temperature
and moisture
STIMULUS AND
RESPONSE
STIMULUS AND RESPONSE

◦All living organisms must be able to respond to changes


in their environment to help them survive.
◦Animals can respond quickly to these changes whereas
the responses of plants are generally much slower.
Survival at its finest
ELearning Jamaica video

◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taMgNA6uui4&t=1s

◦ At the end of the video, you should be able to:


◦ Define receptor, effector, stimulus, response, coordination, sensitivity
◦ Create a flow chart with these words
◦ State the stimuli each sense organ responds to.
DEFINITIONS
◦ Stimulus: a change in the internal or external environment of an
organism that initiates a response.
◦ Response: a change in an organism or part of an organism which is
brought about by a stimulus.
◦ Receptor: the part of the organism that detects the stimulus. In
animals, the sense organs contain the receptors, e.g. the eyes, ears,
nose, tongue and skin contain specialised receptor cells that detect
stimuli. In plants, the very tips of roots and shoots act as receptors.
◦ Effector: the part of an organism that responds to the stimulus. In
animals, muscles and glands are effectors. In plants, the regions just
behind the tips of roots and shoots and the petioles of leaves are
effectors.
RESPONSES OF GREEN PLANTS TO STIMULI

◦ Plants respond to stimuli by making part movements or growth


movements, which aid in survival.
RESPONSES OF GREEN
PLANTS TO STIMULI

❖Part movements
⮚ Changes in the turgidity of cells bring about many part movements:
* The leaves of some plants respond to touch or strong winds by folding,
which protects them from damage, e.g. Mimosa (the sensitive plant).
* The leaves of some plants respond to changing light intensities by
folding at night and opening in the morning to access light for
photosynthesis, e.g. tamarind.
* The flowers of some plants respond to changing light intensities by
opening in the morning to expose the stamens and carpels for
pollination, and closing at night, e.g. hibiscus. Others open at night and
close in the morning, e.g. night flowering cactus.
* Parts of insectivorous plants move to trap prey, e.g. Venus fly trap
snaps closed to trap insects
RESPONSES OF GREEN PLANTS TO STIMULI

◦ Plants respond to stimuli by making growth movements which aid in survival.

Positive phototropism =
positive upward growth Positive geotropism =
movement in response to positive downward growth
light for photosynthesis. in response to gravity for
Negative geotropism = anchorage and water and
negative growth mineral absorption.
movement in response to Negative phototropism
the downward pull of = negative growth
gravity. response to light.
RESPONSES OF INVERTEBRATES TO STIMULI

◦Invertebrates such as millipedes, earthworms and woodlice move


their whole bodies towards or away from stimuli.
◦These responses aid the survival of the organisms.
RESPONSES OF INVERTEBRATES TO STIMULI
RESPONSES OF INVERTEBRATES TO STIMULI

◦They can be investigated using a choice chamber in which the


organisms are provided with adjacent environments with
different environmental conditions, e.g. dry or moist.
◦The organisms are placed in the centre of the chamber and their
distribution is recorded after a fixed length of time.
EVALUATION

◦ The seedling below was grown in the dark.

The shoot is showing a:


A. Positive response to light
B. Negative response to light
C. Positive response to gravity
D. Negative response to gravity
HUMAN
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL


THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
063 The Divisions of the Nervous System - YouT
ube
❖The human nervous system is composed of neurones or nerve cells,
the brain and the spinal cord.
❖ It is divided into two parts:
▪The central nervous system (CNS) which consists of the brain
and the spinal cord.
▪The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which consists of cranial
and spinal nerves that connect the central nervous system to all
parts of the body.
❖The PNS is subdivided into the:
▪somatic NS – controls voluntary activities
▪autonomic NS - controls involuntary activities
THE
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Are you left-brained or right-brained???
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPqG1jwes3Q
THE HUMAN BRAIN

◦https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=ndDpjT0_IM0
Evaluation -

1.Responsible for breathing rateC


2.Responsible for dancing B
3.Responsible for remembering
A
the dance moves
4.Continuation of the brain D
Neurones https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb4ttL
hIRCs

⮚ Neurones make up both the CNS and


PNS, and they transmit messages
called nerve impulses.
⮚ All neurones have a cell body with
thin fibres of cytoplasm extending
from it called nerve fibres.
⮚ Nerve fibres that carry impulses
towards the cell body are called
dendrites.
⮚ Nerve fibres that carry impulses
away from the cell body are called
axons; each neurone has only one
axon.
◦ Sensory neurones which transmit impulses from receptors to the CNS.
◦ Motor neurones which transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors.
◦ Relay or intermediate neurones which transmit impulses throughout the CNS.
They link sensory and motor neurones.

Types
of
Neurones
Relationship among receptor, the CNS and effectors
Synapses - YouTube
Synapses
Synapses ◦ Neurones are separated by a tiny gap called a synapse
between the synaptic knobs at the end of one axon and
the dendrites or cell body of adjacent neurones.
◦ At the synapse, the message travels from one neurone to
another in the form of a chemical substance called a
neurotransmitter.
◦ The neurotransmitter is released from tiny vesicles at
the end of the axon (synaptic knobs).
◦ These chemicals diffuse across the synapse.
◦ They bind to receptors on the dendrites of the post-
synaptic neurone and cause impulses to be set up in
adjacent neurones. This ensures impulses travel in one
direction only.
◦ The neurotransmitter molecules are then broken down
by enzymes.
Sy
na
ps
es
EVALUATION
EVALUATION
EVALUATION
7. Dendrites are branching extensions of
A) neurotransmitters
B) endorphins
C) neurones
D) myelin

8. An axon is
A) a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
B) a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibres of many neurones.
C) a junction between a sending and receiving neurone.
D) the extension of a neurone that carries messages away from the cell body.
EVALUATION

9. As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in
response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neurone is
carrying this message to the brain?
A. Motor
B. Relay
C. Sensory
D. Effector
EVALUATION

10. For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must
first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.
A. relay neurones
B. glands
C. motor neurones
D.sensory neurones

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