Basic First Aid

Concept

EVA GAOAT
TEACHER I
OBJECTIVES:
1.Define the acronym CAB.
2.Differentiate signs and
symptoms.
3.Discuss primary and secondary
survey to a victim.
4.Determine the 10 things to do in
case of an emergency.
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What is CAB?
2. What is the difference between
signs and symptoms?
3. What is primary and secondary
survey to a victim?
4. What are the things to do in
case of an emergency?
What is
First
Aid?
 First aid is an immediate and
temporary care given to a person
who suddenly becomes ill or injured.
It includes self-help and home care if
medical assistance is not available
or is delayed.
It can mean the difference between
life and death in extreme cases.
However, first aiders must know the
limits of the first aid they can give
because improper first aid can do
more harm than good in some
 The American Heart Association
uses the acronym of CAB —
circulation, airway, breathing — to
help people remember the order to
perform the steps of CPR.
CIRCULATION: Restore blood
circulation with chest
compressions
1. Put the person on his or her back on a
firm surface.
2. Kneel next to the person’s neck and
shoulders.
3. Place the heal on the hand over the
center of the person’s chest, between the
nipples. Place your other hand on the top of
the first hand. Keep your elbows straight
and position your shoulders directly above
your hands.
4. Use your upper body weight (not
just your arms) as you push straight
down on (compress) the chest at least 2
inches (approximately 5 centimeters).
Push hard at a rate of about 100
compressions a minute.
5. If you haven’t been trained in CPR,
continue chest compressions until there
are signs of movement or until
emergency medical personnel take over.
If you have been trained in CPR, go on to
checking the airway and rescue
breathing.
AIRWAY: Clear the airway

1. If you're trained in CPR and you've

performed 30 chest compressions, open
the person's airway using the head-tilt,
chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the
person's forehead and gently tilt the
head back. Then with the other hand,
gently lift the chin forward to open the
airway.
2. Check for normal breathing, taking no
more than five or 10 seconds. Look for
chest motion, listen for normal breath
sounds, and feel for the person's breath on
your cheek and ear. Gasping is not
considered to be normal breathing. If the
person isn't breathing normally and you are
trained in CPR, begin mouth to-mouth
breathing. If you believe the person is
unconscious from a heart attack and you
haven't been trained in emergency
procedures, skip mouth to mouth rescue
breathing and continue chest compressions.
BREATHING: Breathe for the
person
1. Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-
mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose
breathing if the mouth is seriously injured
or can't be opened.
2. With the airway open (using the
head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch the
nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth
breathing and cover the person's mouth
with yours, making a seal.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIGNS
AND SYMPTOMS
SIGNS are details SYMPTOMS are
discovered by sensations that the
applying your senses victim feels or
– sight, touch, experiences and may
hearing, and smell be able to describe.
during the Example: nausea,
examination. vomiting, heat,
THE PRIMARY
AND THE
SECONDARY
SURVEY
PRIMARY used once the
SURVEY victim is
unconscious one
needs to find out
and treat
immediately life-
threatening
conditions.
A. Check for Consciousness and circulation
1. Ask the victim: “Hey, hey, are you okay?”
while care fully tapping victim’s shoulder.
2. When there is no response, even mumbles
and groans, the victim is therefore
unconscious and in need of immediate
medical help.

B. Open the Airway

3. The victim’s unconsciousness may be due to
obstruction in his/her airways. It may also be
caused by a narrowed airway making
breathing impossible.
2. Find out if there is a loss of muscular control in
the throat area which allows the tongue to slip
back and block the throat.
3. Lift the chin and tilt the head of the victim (if
the victim is an adult). This way you will be able
to lift the tongue from the back of the throat,
leaving the airway clear.

C. Check for Breathing

Put your face near the victim’s mouth and
look, listen, and feel for breathing. You should
observe for chest movement or sound of
breathing.
SECONDARY
used once the
SURVEY victim is conscious
or has revived. It
aims to detect
everything about
the patient’s
condition.
A. History Taking
SAMPLE PAIN is the
mnemonic code in order to
perform the steps more easily.
S-symptoms (the chief complaint of the patient)
A-allergy (find out if the victim is allergic to anything)
M-medication (what are the medicines s/he is currently taking)
P-previous illness (that may be related to the problem)
L-last meal (only for those subject for operation)
E-events prior to what happened
P-period of pain (How long? What started it?)
A-area (Where is the pain coming from?)
I-intensity
N-nullify (What stopped it?)
B. Checking for Vital Signs
B1 Pulse Rate
B2 Temperature
B3 Respiration
B4 Skin
B5 Head to Toe Examination
B1. PULSE RATE
Steps in checking the pulse:
* Use your fingertips in getting the pulse. Follow the
following procedure:
1. Place the fingertip over an artery where it either crosses a
bone or lies close to the skin.
2. Feel the pulsations as the pressure wave of blood causes
the vessel.
* The pulse rate may be taken in different points of the
body like: Brachial, Carotid, Wrist, Temporal, Subclavian,
Axillary, Femoral
* The usual radial points are found at the wrist and carotid.
 NO-NO in Getting Pulse Rate
1. Never use your thumb; it has its own pulse.
2. Do not palpate both the carotid arteries at the same
time.
3. Do not get the pulse in sitting position. Pulsations
disappear as the victim is elevated to sitting position.
4. Never put too much pressure or massage the carotid.
You may disturb the heart’s electrical conduction
system.
 Normal Pulse Rate
60-70 Men
70-80 Women
80-90 Children over 7 years
old
80-120 Children 1-7
years old
110-130 Infant
B2. TEMPERATURE
Guidelines in checking temperature:
• It is with much importance that temperature be
monitored as in the case of stroke and high fever.
• Body temperature is measured by using a
thermometer within:
1. Rectum (rectal)
2. Oral (mouth)
3. Axillary (armpit)
B3. RESPIRATION
Guidelines in checking respiration:
• Count the number of breaths per minute.
• A whistle sound or wheeze and difficulty in breathing
may mean an asthma attack.
• A gurgling or snoring noise and difficulty in breathing
may mean that the tongue, mucous or something else is
stuck in the throat and does not let enough air to get
through.
* Between 12-20 breaths per minute are normal for adults
and older children; 40 breaths per minute are normal for
babies.
B4. SKIN
Guidelines in checking skin color:
• Skin color reflect the circulation of blood and the
saturation of oxygen in the blood.
• The presence of mucous around the mouth, inner
eyelids, and nail beds is a sign of poor blood circulation.
• A healthy skin is warm and pink because blood flows
normally in the blood vessels.
B5. HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION
1. Head and Neck
2. Eyes
3. Chest
4. Abdomen
5. Back
1. Head and Neck
• Are there any lacerations or contusions in
the area?
• Is there a presence of blood in his / her
hair? If yes, immediately find out where it
is coming from.
• Is there any fluid in the victim’s nose, and
ears? If so, the victim has a skull fracture.
 2. Eyes
•Pay close attention to the pupils.

Pupil Assessment
Appearance
Dilated pupil State of shock

Very small pupil Poison or use of prohibited drugs

Different size Head injury that requires immediate

attention

Small and bright Pupil are reactive

No reaction DEATH
3. Chest
• Check for cuts, bruises, penetrations, and
other impairments.
• If the victim feels pain while you apply
pressure onto his/her chest, there could be
a rib fracture.
4. Abdomen
• Does the victim’s abdomen hurt? Where is
the pain coming from?
• Is his/her abdomen tender?
• Did you feel any lumps? If yes, get
immediate medical assistance.
5. Back
• Is there any movement in the victim’s
lower extremities?
• Is there sensation in these parts? If the
answer is yes, do not move the victim.
Immobilized him/her.
 Top ten things to do in case of an emergency
1. Shout for HELP!
2. Survey the scene and assess the situation.
3. Determine if the accident warrants a visit
to the nearest hospital – or simple cleansing and
band aid will do.
4. If you are certified in CPR and a victim
needs it, begin CPR right away.
5. Stop the bleeding, if there is any.
6. Treat any symptoms of shock.
7. Look for the medical alert tag in every
victim.
8. Seek trained medical assistance.
9. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious victim.
10. Wait for medical professionals to arrive.
 GENERALIZATION
“Prevention is better than cure.” Practicing this principle
advocates safety awareness, which is essential in
achieving quality of life. But our immediate environment
poses dangers to everyone. Nowhere is a place safe, not
even the comfort of our homes. Accidents may happen at
any place, anytime to anybody. Thus, taking the right
safety measures greatly helps to prevent accidents and
injuries. It is therefore important to have the knowledge
and skills on how to deal with them. Having knowledge
and skills in safety education and injury prevention could
help you, your loved ones and other people in your
community during emergency situations.
Activity 1: Step-by-step
Directions: Arrange the steps in restoring blood
circulation with chest compression by writing the
numbers 1-5. Write your answer on the space
provided.
the person’s chest, between the nipples. Place your
other hand on the top of the first hand. Keep your
elbows straight and position your shoulders directly
above your hands.
____2. Kneel next to the person’s neck and
shoulders.
____3. Continue chest compressions until there are
signs of movement or until emergency medical
personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR,
go on to checking the airway and rescue breathing.
____4. Put the person on his or her back on a firm
surface.
____5. Use your upper body weight (not just your
arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the
chest at least 2 inches (approximately 5
Activity 2: Primary or Secondary?
Directions: Classify the following statements by
writing P if it is a Primary survey, and S if it is a
Secondary survey. Write your answers on the space
provided.
____1. Check for cuts, bruises, penetrations, and other

impairments.
____2. Count the number of breaths per minute.
____3. Ask the victim: “Hey, hey, are you okay?” while
carefully
tapping victim’s shoulder.
____4. Feel the pulsations as the pressure wave of
blood causes
the vessel.
____5. Find out if there is a loss of muscular control in
the throat
area which allows the tongue to slip back and
block the throat.
References:

Doria, Jose P. et.al. Physical Education and Health.

Vibal Group Inc, 2014