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Lesson-1-Ana-Physio-24-25

This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology, defining anatomy as the study of body structures and physiology as the study of their functions. It outlines various subdivisions of anatomy, levels of structural organization, anatomical terminology, body planes, and body cavities. Additionally, it includes assignments related to the abdominopelvic cavity and anatomical terminologies.

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Mich Verginiza
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10 views

Lesson-1-Ana-Physio-24-25

This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology, defining anatomy as the study of body structures and physiology as the study of their functions. It outlines various subdivisions of anatomy, levels of structural organization, anatomical terminology, body planes, and body cavities. Additionally, it includes assignments related to the abdominopelvic cavity and anatomical terminologies.

Uploaded by

Mich Verginiza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY /

BIO 102

Lesson #1

Introduction to Human Anatomy


and Physiology
Anatomy – is the study of the
structure and shape of the body
parts and their relationships to one
another.

- Derived from the Greek words:


tomy = to cut; ana = apart
anatome = to dissect
Subdivisions:

1. Gross anatomy / Macroscopic anatomy –


when studying large, observable structures
without the use of microscope
 Microscopic anatomy – study of minute
structures including cells and tissues with the
use of microscope
2. Surface anatomy - study of the form
(morphology) and markings of the surface of the
body
3. Regional anatomy - specific regions of the
body such as head, chest, abdomen which may
4. Systemic/Systematic anatomy - specific
system or organ systems

5. Developmental anatomy – study of


development from the fertilized egg to adult
form

6. Embryology – study of development from


the fertilized egg through the 8th week in
utero

7. Pathological anatomy – study of structural


8. Cytology – microscopic study of the
structure of cells

9. Histology – Microscopic study of the


structure of tissues

10.Radiographic anatomy – study of the


structure of the body that includes the
use of
x-rays and scans
Physiology – is the study of how the body
and its parts work and function
- physio = nature; ology = the study of
- subdivisions are often at the organ system
level
(ex. neurophysiology, cardiac physiology)
- according to the classes of organisms, the
field can be divided into medical, animal,
plant, cell, and comparative physiology
(diversity of functional characteristics of
various kinds of organisms)
Levels of Structural Organization

1. Cells – smallest unit of all living things


2. Tissues – consist of groups of similar cells
that have a common function
3. Organ – is a structure, composed of 2 or
more tissue types, that performs a specific
function for the body
4. System / Organ system – group of
organs that cooperate to accomplish a
common purpose
Anatomical terminology: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

Word Roots
Circulatory Respiratory
System Heart System Nose
Cardio Vessel Naso, rhino, rhin Tonsil
Angio, vaso Blood Tonsillo Larynx
Hem, hema, Vein Laryngo Trachea
hemato Artery Tracheo, trache Bronchus (chi)
Vena, phlebo Lymph Broncho Lung (sac with
Arteria Clot (of Pulmo, pneumo, air)
Lympho blood) pneum
Thrombo Moving clot
Embolus
Nervous system
Digestive system Cheek Neuro Nerve
Bucca Mouth Cerebro Brain, cerebrum
Os, stomato Gum Oculo, ophthalmo Eye
Gingiva Tongue Oto Ear
Glossa, glosso Pharynx Psych, psycho Mind
Word element Meaning Word element meaning
Prefixes
a, an, without or not aero air
ab away ambi around, both sides
acro extremities amyl starch
ad toward, to ante before, forward
adeno glandular anti against, counteract
bi double, two bis two
bili bile brachio arm
bio life brady slow
circum around contra against, opposite
co together costo ribs
demi, hemi, semi half dys abnormal, difficult
dorso back
encephal brain eryth red
equi equal extra outside of, addition
ferro iron fibro fiber
hemo blood hydro water
homo same hygro moisture, humidity
hyper too much, high hypo under, decreased
inter between intro in, within, into
intra within juxta near, close to
Anatomical position

– standing up / body erect with the


feet parallel and the arms hanging
at the sides with the palms facing
forward with thumbs pointing away
from the body
Directional terms
– explains exactly where one
body structure is in relation to
another
Surface anatomy: Anterior and Posterior Body Landmarks

Anterior Body Landmarks


1. Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
2. Acromial – shoulder region (also posterior)
3. Antecubital – anterior surface of elbow
4. Axillary – armpit
5. Antebrachial – forearm (also posterior)
6. Brachial – arm (also posterior)
7. Buccal – cheek area
8. Carpal – wrist
9. Cervical – neck region (also posterior)
10.Coxal - hip
11.Crural – front leg region
12.Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle (also posterior)
13.Digital – fingers and toes (also posterior)
14. Femoral – thigh (also posterior)
15. Fibular / Peroneal – lateral of leg (also posterior)
16. Inguinal – area where thigh meets body trunk
17. Nasal – nose area
18. Oral – mouth
19. Orbital – eye area
20. Patellar – anterior knee
21. Pubic – genital region
22. Sternal – breastbone area
23. Tarsal – ankle region
24. Thoracic – chest
25. Umbilical – navel
Posterior Body Landmarks
1. Calcaneal (calcaneus) – heel
2. Gluteal – buttocks
3. Lumbar – area of back between ribs and hips
4. Occipital – posterior surface of head
5. Olecranal – elbow area
6. Plantar - sole
7. Popliteal – posterior knee area
8. Scapular – shoulder blade region
9. Sacral – the sacrum area
10.Sural – the porterior surface of lower leg; the calf
11. Vertebral – area of spine

 Caudal – lower, inferior, or away from


the head
Body Planes and Sections

Section – the term used when it is necessary for structures of the body to be
cut
Plane – when the section is made through the body wall or through an organ
using an imaginary line

1. Sagittal section – a cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of


the body, dividing the body into right and left parts.
 Median / Midsagittal section – if the cut is made down the median plane of
the body and the right and left parts are equal in size
2. Frontal / Coronal section – a cut made along a lengthwise plane that
divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts
3. Transverse / Cross section – a cut made along a horizontal plane,
dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities

1. Dorsal body cavity – has 2 subdivisions which are continuous with each other
1.1. Cranial cavity – the space inside the bony skull and is occupied by the
brain
1.2. Spinal cavity – extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the
vertebral column. The spinal cord, which is a continuation of the brain, is protected by
the vertebrae, which surround the spinal cavity

2. Ventral body cavity – is much larger than the dorsal cavity that contains all
the structures within the chest and abdomen.
 Diaphragm – dome-shaped muscle that separates the superior thoracic cavity
from the rest of the ventral cavity
2.1. Thoracic cavity – contains the lungs, heart and others and are
somewhat protected by the rib cage
2.2. Abdominopelvic cavity
• Superior Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, liver, intestines and
other organs
• Inferior Pelvic cavity – contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and
rectum
4 Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic cavity – RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
9 Regions of the Abdominopelvic cavity

 Umbilical region – the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the


umbilicus (navel)
 Epigastric region – located superior to the umbilicus region
 Hypogastric / Pubic region – is inferior to the umbilical region
 Right and Left Iliac, or Inguinal regions – are lateral to the hypogastric regions
 Right and Left Lumbar regions – lie lateral to the umbilical region
 Right and Left Hypochondriac (chondro = cartilage) regions – flank the
epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
Assignment

1. Provide the different structures located / embedded beneath the nine regions of the
abdomino-pelvic cavity. You can write the structures adjacent to the divisions or
enumerate the different structures on a separate sheet.
2. Provide 20 anatomical terminologies by combining word elements, prefixes
and suffixes. Make sure that the formed words do exist or is accepted. Give
the meaning of the formed words.
Formed words Meaning
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

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