OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?

• An operating system is a system software
• It manages computer hardware, software resources and
provide common services for computer programs.
• Operating system provides interface between user and
computer hardware by running applications.
• Every computer must have at least on operating system to
run other programs.
 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF OS

• The first computers did not have operating systems.

• These computers need coded programs to communicate with
connected hardware to perform a task.
• This situation made even the simplest programs become very
complex.
• To solve this problem, owners of central computers began to
develop a system software that help to write and execute
programs.
• The first operating system was created by General Motors in
1956 to run a single IBM central computer

• In the 1960s, IBM was the first computer manufacturer to take

on the task of developing operating systems

• In 1970's, the first version of the Unix operating system was

developed, Written in programming language C

• Unix easily adapted to the new systems and quickly achieved

wide acceptance.
• Many modern operating systems, including Apple OS X and all
different versions of Linux, date back or rely on the Unix OS.

• In 1981, Microsoft developed an operating system called MS-

DOS

• In 1985, Microsoft introduced the first Graphical user

interface(GUI) Operating system and named it as "Windows".

• Today Apple, OS X, Microsoft Windows and the various forms of

Linux (including Android) dominate the vast majority of the
modern operating systems market, as we saw earlier.
 FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• Operating system perform each of the following
functions
 MEMORY MANAGEMENT

• Memory management module performs the task

of allocation and de-allocation of memory
space to programs
 PROCESS MANAGEMENT

• Process management helps OS to create and

delete processes.
 FILE MANAGEMENT

• It manages all the file-related activities

such as creating a file, accessing a file,
deleting a file, naming a file, etc.
 DEVICE MANAGEMENT

• Device management keeps tracks of all devices.

• It is responsible for which device connected and which
is connected and not working.
 I/O MANAGEMENT

• One of the main objects of any OS is to hide

abnormality of Hardware from user
 SECURITY

• Security modules in OS (like Defender) will

protect data and system from virus and hackers.
 COMMAND TRANSLATION

• User given commands are translated into CPU

understandable format.
 NETWORKING

OS must handle computer to communicate with

resource that were connected to network
 JOB ACCOUNTING

JOB means process, OS must keep track of time

and resources used by the process
 COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT

The responsibility of this module is to allow users

to communicate with every device connected to
computer.
 RESOURCE ABSTRACTION
There are two main purposes an operating system is used in
computer
1. to provide an interface between the hardware and the application
programs
2. to manage the various pieces that make up a computer
The pieces are called as resources.
A Resource is any object which can be allocate within a system.
Some examples of resources are processors (CPUs), input/output
devices, files, and memory (RAM).
Resource abstraction is the process of "hiding the details of how the
hardware operates, thereby making computer hardware relatively
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

• The following are the types of Operating Systems

1. Multiprogramming systems
2. Batch Systems
3. Time sharing systems
 MULTIPROGRAMMING SYSTEMS

• A multiprogramming operating system may run many

programs on a single processor computer.
• A program must wait for an input/output transfer in a
multiprogramming operating system, if other programs are
ready to use the CPU
• As a result, various jobs may share CPU time. However, the
execution of their jobs is not defined to be at the same time
period.
 TYPES OF THE MULTIPROGRAMMING
OPERATING SYSTEM

There are mainly two types of multiprogramming

operating systems. These are as follows:

• Multitasking Operating System

• Multiuser Operating System
 ADVANTAGES

• It provides less response time.

• It may help to run various jobs in a single application
simultaneously.
• It helps to optimize the total job throughput of the computer.
• Various users may use the multiprogramming system at
once.
• Short-time jobs are done quickly in comparison to long-time
jobs.
• It may help to improve turnaround time for short-time tasks.
• It helps in improving CPU utilization and never gets idle.
 DISADVANTAGES

• It is highly complicated
• The CPU scheduling is required.
• Memory management is needed in the operating system
• The harder task is to handle all processes and tasks.
• If it has a large number of jobs, then long-term jobs will
require a long wait.
 BATCH SYSTEMS
• In the 1970s, Batch processing was very popular.
• In this technique, similar types of jobs were batched
together and executed in time.
• People were used to having a single computer which
was called a mainframe.
• In Batch operating system, access is given to more
than one person
• they submit their respective jobs to the system for
the execution.
• The system put all of the jobs in a queue on the basis
of first come first serve and then executes the jobs
one by one.
• The users collect their respective output when all the
jobs get executed.
 TYPES OF BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM

There are mainly two types of the batch operating

system. These are as follows:

• Simple Batched System

• Multi-programmed batched system
 ADVANTAGES
• It isn't easy to forecast how long it will take to complete a
job
• This system can easily manage large jobs again and again.
• The batch process can be divided into several stages to
increase processing speed.
• When a process is finished, the next job from the job spool
is run without any user interaction.
• CPU utilization gets improved.
 DISADVANTAGES
• When a job fails once, it must be scheduled to be
completed, and it may take a long time to complete the
task.
• Computer operators must have full knowledge of batch
systems.
• The batch system is quite difficult to debug.
• The computer system and the user have no direct
interaction.
• If a job enters an infinite loop, other jobs must wait for an
unknown period of time.
 TIME SHARING SYSTEMS
• In the Time Sharing operating system, computer
resources are allocated in a time-dependent fashion to
several programs simultaneously.
• The following are the feature of time sharing system
• Each user grabs dedicated time for all operations.
• Multiple online users can use the same computer at the same
time.
• End-users feel that they monopolize the computer system.
• Better interaction between users and computers.
• User requests can make in small-time responses.
 ADVANTAGES

• It provides a quick response

• Reduces CPU idle time
• All the tasks are given a specific time
• Less probability of duplication of software
• Improves response time
• Easy to use and user friendly
 DISADVANTAGES

• It consumes many resources

• Requires high specification of hardware
• It has a problem of reliability
• An issue with the security and integrity of user
programs and data
• Probability of data communication problem
OPERATING SYSTEMS
FOR PERSONAL
COMPUTER
• Personal computer operating system provides a good
interface to a single user.
• Personal computer operating systems are widely used
for word processing, spreadsheets and Internet access.
• Personal computer operating system are made only for
personal.
• You can say that your laptops, computer systems,
tablets etc. are your personal computers and the
operating system such as windows 7, windows 10,
android, etc. are your personal computer operating
• And you can use your personal computer operating
system for your personal purposes, for example,
• to chatting with your friends using some social media
sites
• reading some articles from internet
• making some projects through Microsoft PowerPoint or
any other,
• designing your website
• programming something,
• watching some videos and movies
• listening to some songs and many more
WORKSTATION AND
HAND-HELD DEVICES
 OS FOR WORKSTATION
• OS used in workstations are called as Server OS.
• It is special type of OS designed for Server computer, which
are large personal computer or workstations or mainframes.
• This OS is designed to work within client server architecture.
• They serve several users simultaneously over a network allow
the user share software and hardware resources.
• Server OS play typical role as mail server, web server and
application server etc.
• Some of examples are, MAC OS X server, Windows Server, and
Red Hat Linux server
 BENEFITS OF SERVER OPERATING
SYSTEM
• There are various benefits of a server operating system. Some
of the benefits are as follows:
Higher Efficiency
• It helps in reducing dependence on physical servers, resulting
in greater savings.
Future-Proofing
• It ensures long-term sustainability by calculating the expected
growth of the corporate network.
Higher savings with reduced downtime
• Reduced downtime leads to increased savings for any
organization.
Increased Performance
• A network-supporting system with higher performance can
support more users and storage options than another.