Nine Steps for Hypothesis

Testing
1. Research Question
2. Assumption
3. State the hypotheses
4. Characteristics of the comparison
distribution
5. Decision Criteria
6. Calculate
7. Decide
8. Conclusion old hat

9. Implication
• A research study was conducted to examine
the differences between older and younger
adults on perceived life satisfaction. A pilot
study was conducted to examine this
hypothesis. Ten older adults (over the age of
70) and ten younger adults (between 20 and
30) were give a life satisfaction test (known
to have high reliability and validity). Scores
on the measure range from 0 to 60 with high
scores indicative of high life satisfaction; low
scores indicative of low life satisfaction.
Older Younger
Adults Adults
45 34
38 22
52 15
48 27
25 37
39 41
51 24
46 19
55 26
46 36
Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean
Older Adults 10 44.50 8.68 2.75
Younger Adults 10 28.10 8.54 2.70
Difference 10 16.40 15.07 4.77

T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs not = 0): T-Value = 4.26 P-Value =

0.000
•Research Question
•Does the perception of life
satisfaction differ between
younger and older adults?
• Assumption :
The Data is Normally Distributed
What is normally distributed data called?
Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian
distribution, is a probability distribution that is symmetric
about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more
frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean.
In graphical form, the normal distribution appears as a "bell
curve".
• Notice that a parametric tests are used only where a normal
distribution is assumed. The most widely used tests are the
t-test (paired or unpaired), ANOVA (one-way non-repeated,
repeated; two-way, three-way), linear regression and
Pearson rank correlation.
 State the hypotheses
Ho : There is NO significant differences in life
satisfaction between young and older adults.

H1 : There is a significant differences in life

satisfaction between young and older adults.
• The appropriate test statistics in this problem is TWO
independent sample t-Test, a two-independent sample t-
test (also called an independent t-test) is a statistical test
used to compare the means of two separate, unrelated groups
to determine if there is a significant difference between them.
It assumes that the two groups are independent, the data is
normally distributed, and the variances are equal or unequal
(depending on whether a pooled or Welch's t-test is used).
• A t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of one
or two groups to determine if there is a significant difference
between them. It is commonly used when the sample size is
small and the population standard deviation is unknown.
• There are three main types: one-sample t-test (compares a
sample mean to a known population mean), independent
two-sample t-test (compares the means of two independent
groups), and paired t-test (compares two related groups,
such as before-and-after measurements).
Decision Criteria
- Level of Significance, α = 0.05
Reject H0 (Null Hypothesis) if the p -
value is less than or equal to α.
Failed To Reject/Do Not Reject H0 (Null
Hypothesis) if p - value is greater than α.
Calculate:
 t-value = 4.26 @
 P-Value = 0.000
Decide
Since the P-value = 0.000 is less
than α = 0.05, Reject the Null
Hypothesis and accept the
Alternative/Research Hypothesis.
Conclusion:
Older adults in this sample have
significantly higher life satisfaction than
younger adults (t = 4.26, p < .001).
Implicatio
n
• Hence, Currently, life expectancy of
Filipinos is 57.4 years for males and 63.2
years for females. Females are projected to
expect an increase of 4.0 years in life
expectancy and males an increase of 4.7
years in life expectancy by 2030 (Help Age
Global Network, 2017b).
•Problem 2: Student GPA Analysis
•A university claims that the average GPA of
students in a particular program is 3.2. A
researcher believes that the actual average GPA is
different from 3.2 and collects a random sample of
30 students to test this claim.
•Sample Data (GPAs of 30 students):
•3.1, 3.3, 3.2, 3.0, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.1, 3.0, 3.6, 3.2,
3.1, 3.5, 3.2, 3.4, 3.3, 3.0, 3.2, 3.1, 3.4, 3.5, 3.0,
3.2, 3.6, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.0, 3.4, 3.3
•Perform a one-sample t-test at α = 0.05 to
determine if the average GPA is significantly
different from 3.2.
•Research Question
•Does the average GPA of the
students is significantly different
from 3.2?
• Assumption :
The Data is Normally Distributed
What is normally distributed data called?
Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian
distribution, is a probability distribution that is symmetric
about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more
frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean.
In graphical form, the normal distribution appears as a "bell
curve".
• Notice that a parametric tests are used only where a normal
distribution is assumed. The most widely used tests are the
t-test (paired or unpaired), ANOVA (one-way non-repeated,
repeated; two-way, three-way), linear regression and
Pearson rank correlation.
 Statethe hypotheses
Ho : The average GPA is 3.2 (μ = 3.2)
H1 : The average GPA is not equal to 3.2 (μ ≠
3.2)
• The appropriate test statistics in this problem is ONE sample
t-Test, A one-sample t-test is a statistical test used to
determine whether the mean of a single sample differs
significantly from a known or hypothesized population mean.
It is commonly used when the population standard deviation
is unknown and the sample size is relatively small (typically
less than 30).
• A t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of
one or two groups to determine if there is a significant
difference between them. It is commonly used when the
sample size is small and the population standard deviation is
unknown.
• There are three main types: one-sample t-test (compares
a sample mean to a known population mean), independent
two-sample t-test (compares the means of two
independent groups), and paired t-test (compares two
related groups, such as before-and-after measurements).
Decision Criteria
- Level of Significance, α = 0.05
Reject H0 (Null Hypothesis) if the p -
value is less than or equal to α.
Failed To Reject/Do Not Reject H0 (Null
Hypothesis) if p - value is greater than α.
Calculate:
 t-value = 1.74 @
 P-Value = 0.092
Decide
Since the P-value = 0.092 is greater
than α = 0.05, Do NOT Reject the
Null Hypothesis and Reject the
Alternative/Research Hypothesis.
Conclusion:
The average GPA of the Students is
NOT significantly different from 3.2
@ (t = 1.74 , p > 0.05).
Implicatio
n
• ..............
•Male vs. Female Students' Math Scores
•A teacher wants to determine if there is a significant difference in
mathematics test scores between male and female students in
a high school. A random sample of 25 male students and 25
female students is taken.
•Sample Data (Math Scores of 50 students):
•Male Students (n₁ = 25):
•78, 74, 80, 82, 75, 88, 90, 85, 77, 79, 81, 84, 76, 78, 82, 86, 87,
79, 74, 80, 83, 85, 78, 76, 88
•Female Students (n₂ = 25):
•82, 85, 79, 81, 88, 86, 87, 84, 83, 89, 90, 91, 85, 86, 80, 88, 89,
84, 83, 82, 90, 88, 85, 86, 87
•Perform a two-independent sample t-test at α = 0.05 to determine if
there is a significant difference in scores.
•Research Question
•Do the test scores of male and
female students differ?
• Assumption :
The Data is Normally Distributed
What is normally distributed data called?
Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian
distribution, is a probability distribution that is symmetric
about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more
frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean.
In graphical form, the normal distribution appears as a "bell
curve".
• Notice that a parametric tests are used only where a normal
distribution is assumed. The most widely used tests are the
t-test (paired or unpaired), ANOVA (one-way non-repeated,
repeated; two-way, three-way), linear regression and
Pearson rank correlation.
 State the hypotheses
Ho : There is no difference in mean math scores
between male and female students (μ₁ = μ₂).
H1 : There is a significant difference in mean
math scores between male and female students
(μ₁ ≠ μ₂).
• The appropriate test statistics in this problem is TWO
independent sample t-Test, a two-independent sample t-
test (also called an independent t-test) is a statistical test
used to compare the means of two separate, unrelated groups
to determine if there is a significant difference between them.
It assumes that the two groups are independent, the data is
normally distributed, and the variances are equal or unequal
(depending on whether a pooled or Welch's t-test is used).
• A t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of one
or two groups to determine if there is a significant difference
between them. It is commonly used when the sample size is
small and the population standard deviation is unknown.
• There are three main types: one-sample t-test (compares a
sample mean to a known population mean), independent
two-sample t-test (compares the means of two independent
groups), and paired t-test (compares two related groups,
such as before-and-after measurements).
Decision Criteria
- Level of Significance, α = 0.05
Reject H0 (Null Hypothesis) if the p -
value is less than or equal to α.
Failed To Reject/Do Not Reject H0 (Null
Hypothesis) if p - value is greater than α.
Calculate:
 t-value = ________ @
 P-Value = ________
Decide
Since the P-value = 0.000 is less
than α = 0.05, Reject the Null
Hypothesis and accept the
Alternative/Research Hypothesis.
Conclusion:
It mean that there is a significant
difference in mean math scores between
male and female students
(t = 4.26, p < .001).
Implicatio
n
• ………………
•Problem 4: Effectiveness of a New Teaching Method
•A teacher wants to determine if a new teaching method improves
students' math test scores. The same 20 students take a pre-test
before the method is introduced and a post-test after using the new
method for a semester.
•Sample Data (Math Test Scores of 20 Students, Before and
After):
•Pre-Test (Before New Method):
•72, 75, 78, 80, 68, 74, 76, 79, 82, 70, 73, 77, 81, 69, 74, 78, 80, 76, 75,
72
•Post-Test (After New Method):
•80, 82, 85, 87, 74, 79, 82, 84, 89, 77,79, 83, 86, 75, 80, 83, 85, 82, 81,
78
•Perform a paired t-test at α = 0.05 to determine if the new method
•Research Question
•Does the new method significantly
improves students' scores?
• Assumption :
The Data is Normally Distributed
What is normally distributed data called?
Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian
distribution, is a probability distribution that is symmetric
about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more
frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean.
In graphical form, the normal distribution appears as a "bell
curve".
• Notice that a parametric tests are used only where a normal
distribution is assumed. The most widely used tests are the
t-test (paired or unpaired), ANOVA (one-way non-repeated,
repeated; two-way, three-way), linear regression and
Pearson rank correlation.
 Statethe hypotheses
Ho : The new teaching method has no
effect on test scores (μ₁ = μ₂).
H₁: The new teaching method improves
test scores (μ₁ < μ₂).
• The appropriate test statistics in this problem PAIRED t-Test, A
paired t-test (also called a dependent t-test) is a
statistical test used to compare the means of two related
groups to determine if there is a significant difference
between them. It is commonly used in before-and-after
studies, matched subject studies, or when the same
individuals are tested under two different conditions.
• A t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of one
or two groups to determine if there is a significant difference
between them. It is commonly used when the sample size is
small and the population standard deviation is unknown.
• There are three main types: one-sample t-test (compares a
sample mean to a known population mean), independent
two-sample t-test (compares the means of two independent
groups), and paired t-test (compares two related groups,
such as before-and-after measurements).
Decision Criteria
- Level of Significance, α = 0.05
Reject H0 (Null Hypothesis) if the p -
value is less than or equal to α.
Failed To Reject/Do Not Reject H0 (Null
Hypothesis) if p - value is greater than α.
Calculate:
 t-value = ________ @
 P-Value = ________
Decide
Since the P-value = 0.000 is less
than α = 0.05, Reject the Null
Hypothesis and accept the
Alternative/Research Hypothesis.
Conclusion:
Older adults in this sample have
significantly higher life satisfaction than
younger adults (t = 4.26, p < .001).
Implicatio
n
• ‘’’’’’’’’……………….