Sinusoids and Phasors

Chapter 9
 9.2 Sinusoids
• A sinusoid
is a signal
that has the
form of the
sine or
cosine
function.
v(t) = Vm sin(t+φ)

v(t) = Vm cos(t+φ)

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 Important Results

cos(t 90 ) sin t
sin(t 90 ) cos t
cos(t 180 )  cos t
sin(t 180 )  sin t

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 ?
• Convert the following into cosine form

v(t ) 5sin(4 t  60 )

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 Solution
v(t ) 5sin(4 t  60 )
5sin(4 t  60  90  90 )
5sin(4 t  150  90 )
5cos(4 t  150 )

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 A sinusoidal voltage source produces a
voltage that varies sinusoidally with time

• Consider the sinusoidal voltage

v(t) = Vm cos(t+φ)
where
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
 = the angular frequency in radians/s
t = the argument of the sinusoid
φ: phase of v(t) rads/sec

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 A Sinusoidal Current Source produces a current
that varies sinusoidally with time.

• Sinusoidal current is also represented

as
i = Im cos(ωt+φ)

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 Angular frequency ?
• We also know that one full
revolution of the wheel is 360 or
2π radians.
• Consequently, if we multiply the
frequency(f) by 2 π , we get the
number of radians the wheel
turns each second.
• This value is called the angular
frequency. It is written as
ω=2πf rad/sec

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 Radian – Degree
Conversion

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 Periodic function
• A sinusoidal function repeats at regular interval. Such a function is
called Periodic function. The period T is given by

1
T  , f in Hertz (Hz)
f
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 Relationship between T & ω
• Since Time period T = 1/ f
We can also write f = 1/ T

Similarly angular frequency ω can also be

written as
ω = 2 π f = 2 π/ T (rad/sec)

Therefore T = 2 π/ ω (sec)
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 Example 9.1
• Find the amplitude, phase, period, and
frequency of the sinusoid
v(t) = 12cos(50t + 10°)

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 Example 9.1
• Find the amplitude, phase, period, and
frequency of the sinusoid
v(t) = 12cos(50t + 10°)

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 Example 9.1
• Find the amplitude, phase, period, and
frequency of the sinusoid
v(t) = 12cos(50t + 10°)
• Solution:
The amplitude is Vm = 12V.
The phase is  = 10°
2 2
T   0.1257 s.
The period  50
1
The frequency is f  7.958 Hz.
T
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 Plotting a sinusoidal signal

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•

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 Solution

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 Solution

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 Sinusoidal
Example 1
For the sinusoidal voltage v = 6 cos(100t + 60 o)

find the value v at time t= 0s and t=0.5s

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 Sinusoidal
V = 6 cos(100t + 60o)
Solution
At t = 0s, At t = 0.5s
V = 6 cos( 0 + 60o) V = 6 cos(50 radian + 60o)
=3V = 4.26 V

Be careful when adding “ωt” and phase angel “φ”.

The unit of ωt is radians.
The unit for φ is degrees.
To add both the values, they should be in the same units (see
next slide).
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 Plot of sinusoidal using Matlab
• >> t=0:0.01:1;
• >> A=4;
• >> f=1;
• >> w0=2*pi*f;
• >> phi=0;
• >> x=A*sin(w0*t+phi);
• >> plot (t,x)
• >> TITLE('freq 1 Hz')
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 Sinusoidal signal with different
frequency
•

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 Sinusoidal signal with different
phase

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 Phase Lead or Lag
(Must know the starting point to make a guess here)

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 Phase Lead or Lag
• Two sinusoids with the same frequency (but
different phase):
v1 (t ) Vm1 cos(t  1 ),Vm1  0
v2 (t ) Vm 2 cos(t  2 ),Vm 2  0
1  2 0, v1 (t ), v2 (t ) : in phase
1  2  0, v1 (t ) leads v2 (t ) by 1  2
v2 (t ) lags v1 (t ) by 1  2

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 Won’t it be easy to guess if we could
plot the signal as shown below ?
•

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 Q

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 Root Mean Square Value
•

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 Comparison of two signals
• A sinusoidal can be expressed in either
sine or cosine form.
• When comparing two signals, it is
expedient to express both as either sine or
cosine.

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 EXAMPLE 9.1
(Go through the example in the book (Nilsson)- discuss if
you face any problem)

A sinusoidal current has a maximum amplitude of 20A. The

current passes through one complete cycle in 1 ms. The
magnitude of the current at zero time is 10A.
a) What is the frequency of the current in Hz?
b) What is the value of the angular frequency?
c) Write the expression for i(t) in the form Im cos(ωt + ).
d) What is the rms value of the current?

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 EXAMPLE 9.2
(Go through the example in the book- discuss if you face
any problem)
A sinusoidal voltage is given by the expression
v = 300cos(120t + 30o)
a) What is the frequency in Hz?
b) What is the period of the voltage in milliseconds?
c) What is the magnitude of v at t = 2.778 ms?
d) What is the rms value of v?

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 Example 9.2
• Calculate the phase angle between
v1 = -10 cos (t + 50°) and
v2 = 12 sin (t - 10°).
State which sinusoid is leading.

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 Example
Solution:
v1 = -10 cos (t + 50°)
= 10 cos (t + 50° - 180°) [cos(t 180 )  cos t ]
= 10 cos (t - 130°)
and
v2 = 12 sin (t - 10°)
= 12 cos (t - 10° - 90°) [cos(t 90 ) sin t ]
v2 = 12cos (t - 100°) .

v2 leads v1 by 30°.
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 The Sinusoidal Response
• The complete (total)
response of the circuit
will include
• (1) the transient
response, and
• (2) the Steady State
response.
We will only discuss the
steady state response
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 Complex Nu
mbers

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 Review of Complex Mathematics…

Rectangular form

Exponential form

Polar form

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•

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 Complex Number Representations
• Complex number representations:
z  x  jy
z r re j

z  x  jy Rectangular form
z r Polar form
z re j Exponential form

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 Operations of Complex Numbers

• Addition: z1  z2 ( x1  x2 )  j ( y1  y2 )

• Subtraction: z1  z2 ( x1  x2 )  j ( y1  y2 )

• Multiplication: z1z2 r1r2(1  2 )

• Division: z1 r1
 (1  2 )
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z2 r2 44
 Operations of Complex Numbers…
• Reciprocal: 1 1
 (  )
z r

• Square Root:
z  r( / 2)

• Complex Conjugate:
*  j
z  x  jy r(  ) re

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 Example 9.3
• Evaluate these complex numbers:
1/ 2
(a) (4050  20  30 )
10  30  (3  j 4)
(b)
(2  j 4)(3  j 5) *

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•

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 Example 9.3

10  30  (3  j 4) 8.66  j 5  (3  4 j )

(b) 
(2  j 4)(3  j 5) * (2  j 4)(3  j 5)
11 .33  j 9 14.73  37.66
 
 14  j 22 26.08122.47
0.565  160.13

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 Sinusoids and Complex Number
e j cos  j sin 

cos Re(e j )
sin  Im(e j )

v(t ) Vm cos(t   ) Re(Vme j (t  ) )

v(t ) Re(Vme j e jt )
v (t ) Re(Vm  .e jt )

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 Phasors
A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid
Time-domain Phasor-domain
representation representation
j t
v(t ) Vm cos(t   )  Re(Vm  .e )
• Since we are working here with the Real part (Re) of a complex signal,
and each term on the right will contain e jωt (which is fixed for a particular
frequency), for simplicity we may drop both of them.

v(t ) Vm cos(t   )  V Vm 

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 Agilent Agilent Education Resources.htm

Agilent Generating Waveforms with Vectors.htm

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 Table 9.1 Sinusoid-phasor transformation

Time domain Phasor domain

representation representation
Vm cos(t   ) Vm

Vmsin (t   ) Vm(  90 )

I m cos(t   ) I m

I m sin(t   ) I m(  90 )

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 Lead or Lag seen Via Phasors

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 Example
• Transform the sinusoid to
phasors: (a) i 6 cos(50t  40 ) A

• Solution:
(a) i 6 cos(50t  40 ) has the phasor
I 6  40 A

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 Example:
Given v(t) = Vm sin (ωt +10o). Transform to
phasor.

v(t) = Vm sin (ωt +10o) v(t) = Vm cos (ωt + 10o - 90o)

V Vm   80o v(t) = Vm cos (ωt – 80o)

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 Example
• Transform these sinusoid
to phasors:
(b) v  4 sin(30t  50 ) V
• Solution:

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 Example
• Transform these sinusoid
to phasors:
(b) v  4 sin(30t  50 ) V
• Solution:

(b) Since  sinA cos( A  90 )

v  4 sin(30t  50 ) 4 cos(30t  50  90 )
4 cos(30t  140 ) V
The Phasor form of v is V 4140 V

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 Example
• Find the sinusoid representation by these phasors:
(a) I  3  j 4 A

• Solution:( hint convert to polar first)

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 Example
• Find the sinusoid representation by these phasors:
(a) I  3  j 4 A
• Solution:

(a) I  3  j 4 5126.87
i (t ) 5 cos(t  126.87 ) A

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 Example
• Find the sinusoid representation by these
phasors:
(b) V  j8e  j 20 V
• Solution:
Hint:
write in polar form
Remember j =

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 Example
• Find the sinusoid representation by these
phasors:
(b) V  j8e  j 20 V
• Solution:
(b) Solution
V  j8  20
(190 )(8  20 ), sin ce j 190
890  20 870 V
v(t ) 8 cos(t  70 ) V

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 Q

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 Q

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 Practice Problems

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 Practice Problems…

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 Practice Problems

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 Practice Problems

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 Practice Problems

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 Practice Problems

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 Practice Problems

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