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Town planning, or urban planning, is the discipline focused on designing and managing urban areas to create functional and sustainable environments. It involves controlling land resources, ensuring orderly development, and addressing health, convenience, and beauty in urban settings. The document also discusses various forms of planning, elements of planning, principles, and historical examples of town planning in ancient civilizations.

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6 views39 pages

Lec 1-1

Town planning, or urban planning, is the discipline focused on designing and managing urban areas to create functional and sustainable environments. It involves controlling land resources, ensuring orderly development, and addressing health, convenience, and beauty in urban settings. The document also discusses various forms of planning, elements of planning, principles, and historical examples of town planning in ancient civilizations.

Uploaded by

jiya khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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INTRODUCTION TO

TOWN PLANNING
WHAT IS TOWN PLANNING?

 Town planning, also known as urban planning or city


planning, is the discipline and profession focused on
designing, organizing, and managing the development
of urban areas to create functional, sustainable, and
aesthetically pleasing environments for the people who
live, work, and visit there.
 Town planning is the process of managing land
resources. It involves the control of existing and new
developments, as well as strategy preparation to ensure
manage future requirements.
 Urban planning concerns itself with both the
development of open land (“greenfields sites”) and the
revitalization of existing parts of the city, thereby
WHAT IS TOWN PLANNING?
WHAT IS TOWN PLANNING?
IF PLANNING WAS NOT THERE?

• Uneven & Chaotic development – contrasting


urban scenario
• Mixed Landuse – Industries springing up in residential
zones
• Congested Transportation Network – overflowing
traffic than expected
AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING

• HEALTH
• to create and promote healthy conditions and environments for all
the people
• to make right use of the land for the right purpose by zoning
• to ensure orderly development
• to avoid encroachment of one zone over the other

CONVENIENCE
• social, economic, cultural and recreational amenities etc
• Recreational amenities - open spaces, parks, gardens &
playgrounds, town halls stadiums community centers, cinema
houses, and theatres

• BEAUTY
• To preserve the individuality of the town
• To preserve the aesthetics in the design of all elements of
Forms of planning
 Urban Planning:
 Regional Planning
 Environmental Planning
 Transportation Planning
 Land Use Planning
 Economic Planning
 Social Planning
 Strategic Planning
ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
 Land Use
 Transportation
 Infrastructure
 Environment
 Housing
 Community Facilities
 Economic Development
 Social Equity and Inclusion
PRINCIPAL OF TOWN PLANNING

 Sustainability
 Compact Development
 Mixed Land Uses
 Walkability and Accessibility
 Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
 Preservation of Natural and Cultural
Heritage
 Community Engagement and Participation
 Resilience and Adaptation:
 Affordable Housing and Social Equity
 Good Governance and Policy Frameworks
Shapes of plan in accordance to road
networks

THERE ARE 6 TYPES OF ROAD NETWORK


 Rectangular or block pattern
 Radial pattern
 Radial or star and block pattern
 Radial or star and circular pattern
 Radial or star and grid pattern
 Hexagonal pattern
 Minimum travel pattern
 Linear pattern
Limitations OF GYPSUM

1. Rectangular or block pattern


 Radial or star and block pattern
Radial or star and circular pattern
 Radial or star and grid pattern
 Hexagonal pattern
Minimum travel pattern

The town is served by sector centers, suburban facilities, and


neighborhood centers in this road plan, all of which are connected to
the city center by a highway that can be reached in the shortest
amount of time.

Also, the shortest roads interconnect the city center with


neighboring and suburban centers. The alignment of the road is
made straight to shorten it.
Linear pattern
ANCIENT SYSTEM OF TOWN PLANNING IN
INDIA

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION –


 MOHENJADORO
 HARAPPA
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Also referred to as HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION & HARAPPA SARASWATHI


SINDHU CIVILIZATION.

• Between INDUS RIVER AND THE GHAGGAR‐ MOHENJODARO HAKRA


RIVER [Pakistan and North Western India]
 TOWN PLANNING CONCEPT
• SOPHISTICATED & ADVANCED URBAN CULTURE
• STREETS IN PERFECT GRID PATTERNS IN BOTH MOHENJODORO &
HARAPPA
• WORLD S’ FIRST SANITATION SANITATION SYSTEM
• INDIVIDUAL WELLS AND SEPARATE COVERED DRAINS ALONG THE
STREETS FOR WASTE WATER
• HOUSES OPENED TO INNER COURTYARDS COURTYARDS & SMALLER
SMALLER LANES
• IMPRESSIVE DOCKYARDS, GRANERIES, WAREHOUSES, BRICK
PLATFORMS & PROTECTIVE WALLS
• MASSIVE CITADELS PROTECTED THE CITY FROM FLOODS &
ATTACKERS
• CITY DWELLERS – TRADERS & ARTISANS
• ALL THE HOUSES HAD ACCESS TO WATER & DRAINAGE FACILITIES
 DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
 CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS – Small villages / hamlets – 0 – 10
hectares
 Large towns – 10‐ 50 hectares hectares
 Cities – 50 hectares
• NO FORTIFICATION

MAJOR STREETS IN NORTH SOUTH


DIRECTION

INTERSECTION AT RIGHT ANGLES

STREETS WITHIN BUILT UP AREAS


WERE NARROW

DISTINCT ZONING FOR DIFFERENT


GROUPS
SETTLEMENT DIVISIONS

 RELEGIOUS, INSTITUTIONAL
& CULTURAL AREAS –
AROUND MONASTERY &
GREAT BATH IN THE
WESTERN PART

 NORTH – AGRICULTURE &


INDUSTRIES

 SOUTH – ADMINISTRATION,
TRADE & COMMERCE
MOHENJODARO
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
 BUILDINGS – MASONRY CONSTRUCTION BY SUN
DRIED BRICKS
 RANGING FROM 2 ROOMS TO MANSIONS WITH
MANY ROOMS
 UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE FROM
HOUSES
 GREAT BATH GREAT BATH
 PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS – MONASTRY & BATH ‐
INDICATING RELIGIOUS CULTURE
HARAPPA

 23000 POPULATION
 150 HECTARES
 EARLIEST CITY MAY HAVE BEEN FORMED, 2800‐
2500 BC
 EARLIEST CITY COVERED AN AREA OF 25 HA.
 IT BECAME A CENTRE FOR TRADE NETWORKS
EXTENDING FROM BALUCHISTAN AND
AFGHANISTAN TO THE WEST OF THE SEA COAST
IN THE SOUTH.
 TOWNS BUILT OVER RAISED MUD BRICK
PLATFORMS
HARAPPA TOWN PLANNING

 CITADEL MOUND AND LOWER TOWN SURROUNDED BY A MASSIVE BRICK


WALL.
 CITADEL HAD SQUARE TOWERS AND BASTIONS.
 LARGE OPEN AREAS INSIDE THE GATEWAY MAY HAVE BEEN USED AS A
MARKET OR CHECKPOINT FOR TAXING GOODS COMING INTO THE CITY
 OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS A CLUSTER OF HOUSES MAY REPRESENT
TEMPORARY REST STOPS FOR TRAVELLERS AND CARAVANS
 NO DIVISION OF THE SOCIETY IS REFLECTED IN THE LAYOUT OF THE CITY.
SINCE LARGE PUBLIC BUILDINGS, MARKET AREAS, LARGE AND SMALL
HOUSES AS WELL AS CRAFT WORKSHOPS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE SAME
NEIGHBOURHOOD.
 BARRACK‐LIKE GROUP OF SINGLE‐ROOMED TENEMENTS WERE FOR THE
POORER CLASSES
HARAPPA

 LARGE BUILDINGS ‐ADMINISTRATIVE OR RITUAL


STRUCTURES.
 ACCESS ROUTES OR PROVIDED THOROUGHFARE FROM ONE
AREA TO ANOTHER.
 MARKETS AND PUBLIC MEETINGS HELD IN LARGE OPEN
COURTYARDS.
 HOUSES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS GROUPED WITH SHARED
WALLS AND FORMED LARGER BLOCKS & ACCESSED BY WIDE
STREETS.
 MOST HOUSES HAD PRIVATE BATHS &TOILETS AS WELL AS
PRIVATE WELLS.
CHANAKYA’S ARTHASASTHRA

A CITY ‐ LOCATED CENTRALLY TO FACILITATE


TRADE AND COMMERCE.

• THE SITE ‐ LARGE IN AREA, AND NEAR A


PERENNIAL WATER BODY .

SHAPE ‐ CIRCULAR, RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE


AS WOULD SUIT THE TOPOGRAPHY

SEPARATE AREAS FOR MARKETING DIFFERENT


GOODS.

THREE‐EAST WEST AND THREE NORTH – SOUTH


ROADS, SHOULD DIVIDE THE TOWN.

1 WELL FOR 10 HOUSES


ANCIENT TOWN CLASSIFICATION

 Dandaka
 Sarvathobhadra
 Nandyavarta
 Padmaka
 Swastika
 Prastara
 Karmuka
 Chaturmukha
Dandaka

STREETS ARE STRAIGHT AND CROSS EACH


OTHER AT RIGHT ANGLES AT THE CENTRE

• VILLAGE HAS 4 GATES ON FOUR SIDES

• VILLAGE IS RECTANGULAR / SQUARE

THE VILLAGE OFFICES LOCATED IN THE


EAST.
SARVATOBHADRA

This type of town plan is applicable to


larger villages and towns, which have to
be constructed on a square sites.

According to this plan, the whole town


should be fully occupied by houses of
various descriptions and inhabited by all
classes of people.
NANDYAVARTA

This plan is commonly used for the


construction of towns and not for
villages.

It is generally adopted for the sites


either circular or square in shape,
3000 – 4000 HOUSES

The streets run parallel to the central


adjoining streets with the temple of
the presiding deity in the center of
the town.

“Nandyavarta” is the name of a


flower, the form of which is followed
in this layout.
PADMAKA

This type of plan was practiced for


building of the towns with fortress all
round.

The pattern of the plan resembles the


petals of lotus radiating outwards from
the center.

The city used to be practically an


island surrounded by water, having no
scope for expansion
Swastika

Swastika type of plan contemplates some


diagonal streets dividing the site into
certain rectangular plots

The site need not be marked out into a


square or rectangle and it may be of any
shape.

Two main streets cross each other at the


center, running south to north and west to
east.
PRASTARA

 The characteristic feature of this plan is that the


site may be either square or rectangular but not
triangular or circular.

 The sites are set apart for the poor, the middle
class, the rich and the very rich, the sizes of the
sites i ncreasing according to the capacity of each
to purchase or build upon.

 The main roads are much wider compared to those


of other patterns.

 The town may or may not be surrounded by a fort.


KARMUKA

 This plan is suitable for the place where


the site of the town is in the form of a
bow or semi‐circular or parabolic and
mostly applied for towns located on the
seashore or riverbanks

 The main streets of the town run from


north to south or east to west and the
cross streets run at right‐angles to
them, dividing dividing the whole area
into blocks.
CHATURMUKHA

 Chaturmukha type of plan is applicable


to all towns starting from the largest
town to the smallest smallest village.

 The site may be either square or


rectangular having four faces.

 The town is laid out east to west


lengthwise, with four main streets.
 ASSIGNMENT 1

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