WELCOME

NAME :PRANIT SINGH

CLASS: VI A2

ROLL NO: 25
POLLUTION
BY PRANITSINGH
 AIR
POLLUTION
 Definition
Air pollution is a gas (or a liquid or
solid dispersed through ordinary air)
released in a big enough quantity
•to harm the health of people or other
animals,
•kill plants or stop them growing
properly,
•damage or disrupt some other
aspect of the environment (such as
making buildings crumble), or
•cause some other kind of nuisance
(reduced visibility, perhaps, or an
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Indian cities are reeling under multiple problems, including
environmental issues
Most pressing of them all is the issue of air pollution.
• The poor air quality that citizens are forced to breathe-
especially in the heavily polluted cities- has a detrimental
impact on their health and well-being
• A World Health Organisation (WHO) study found that fourteen
of the twenty world’s most polluted cities belonged to India.
• Kanpur, in Uttar Pradesh, emerged as the city with the highest
PM2.5 level, standing at 173 (17 times higher than the limit
set for safety).
• It is estimated that in 2016, over 9 lakh deaths were caused
due to air pollution in India.
• Some other cities with high PM 2.5 levels include Faridabad,
Varanasi, Gaya, Patna, Delhi, Lucknow and Agra.
 Types of Air Pollutants

Any gas could qualify as pollution if it reached a high enough

concentration to do harm. Theoretically, that means there are dozens of different
pollution gases. Following are most harmful
1.Sulfur dioxide: Coal, petroleum, and other fuels are often impure and contain
sulfur as well as organic (carbon-based) compounds. When sulfur burns with
oxygen from the air, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is produced. Coal-fired Power plants are
the world's biggest source of sulfur-dioxide air pollution. it contributes to smog,
acid rain, and health problems that include lung disease.
2.Carbon monoxide: This highly dangerous gas forms when fuels have too little
oxygen to burn completely. It spews out in car exhausts and it can also build up to
dangerous levels inside your home if you have a poorly maintained gas boiler,
stove, or fuel-burning appliance.
3.Carbon dioxide: This gas is central to everyday life and isn't normally
considered a pollutant. However, carbon dioxide is also a greenhouse gas released
by engines and power plants. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, it's
been building up in Earth's atmosphere and contributing to the problem of global
warming and climate change
Types of Pollutants-Cont..
4.Nitrogen oxides: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO) are
pollutants produced as an indirect result of combustion, when nitrogen
and oxygen from the air react together. Nitrogen oxide pollution comes
from vehicle engines and power plants, and plays an important role in the
formation of acid rain, ozone and smog.

5.Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): These carbon-based chemicals

evaporate easily at ordinary temperatures and pressures, so they readily
become gases. they're used as solvents in paints, waxes, and varnishes.
Unfortunately, they're also a form of air pollution, and have long-term
effects on people's health and also play a role in the formation of ozone
and smog.
5. Particulates: These are the sooty deposits.
Particulates of different sizes are often
referred to by the letters PM followed by a
number, so PM10 means soot particles of less
than 10 microns . The smaller the particulates,
the deeper they travel into our lungs and the
more dangerous they are. PM2.5 particulates
are much more dangerous. In cities, most
particulates come from traffic fumes.

6.Ozone: Also called trioxygen, At ground

level, it's a toxic pollutant that can damage
health. It forms when sunlight strikes a
cocktail of other pollution and is a key
ingredient of smog.
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
• When we think of pollution, we tend to think it's a problem that
humans cause through ignorance or willful.
• However, it's important to remember that some kinds of air
pollution are produced naturally. Forest fires, erupting
volcanoes, and gases released from radio active decay of rocks
inside Earth, that can have hugely disruptive effects on people
and the planet.
• Forest fires (which often start naturally) can produce huge
swathes of smoke that drift for miles over neighboring cities,
countries, or continents.
• Giant volcanic eruptions can spew so much dust into the
atmosphere that they block out significant amounts of sunlight
and cause the entire planet to cool down for a year or more.
• Radioactive rocks can release a gas called radon when they
decay, which can build up in the basements of buildings with
serious effects on people's health.
 CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION-Cont..
• ugh we can adapt to natural air pollution, and try to reduce the disruption it causes, we can never stop it
happening completely.

Pic: Forest Fire

Anthropogenic Causes:
• Anything that involves burning things (combustion), using household or industrial chemicals (substances
that cause chemical reactions and may release toxic gases in the process), or producing large amounts of
dust has the potential to cause air pollution.
WATER
POLLUTION
INTRODUCTION

Water pollution is the introduction

of harmful substances into water
bodies, such as lakes, rivers,
oceans, and groundwater, to the
extent that it disrupts
ecosystems and makes the water
unsafe for human use. These
pollutants can include chemicals,
trash, microorganisms, and even
forms of energy like heat or
radioactivity.
 Types of WATER Pollutants

1. Pathogenic Microorganisms: These include bacteria, viruses, and

protozoa that can cause diseases in humans and animals. They
often originate from sewage and animal waste.
2. Oxygen-Demanding Wastes: Organic materials that decompose in
water, consuming oxygen and potentially leading to hypoxic
conditions harmful to aquatic life. Sources include sewage and
agricultural runoff.
3. Plant Nutrients: Excessive nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus
from fertilizers can lead to eutrophication, causing algal blooms
and oxygen depletion.
4. Synthetic Organic Chemicals: Includes pesticides, solvents, and
industrial chemicals that can be toxic to aquatic life and humans.
5. Inorganic Chemicals: Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and
chromium, often from industrial discharges, can be toxic and
bioaccumulate in food chains.
 Types of WATER Pollutants

• Microplastics: Tiny plastic particles from larger plastic debris

or products like microbeads, which can harm aquatic
organisms and enter the food chain.
• Sediments: Soil particles from erosion or construction
activities that can cloud water, disrupt habitats, and harm
aquatic life.
• Radioactive Substances: Materials that emit radiation,
potentially from nuclear facilities or improper waste disposal,
posing health risks to humans and wildlife.
• Oil: Petroleum spills can coat aquatic life and shorelines,
causing significant environmental damage.
• Heat: Thermal pollution from industrial processes can raise
water temperatures, reducing oxygen levels and affecting
aquatic species.
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
1. Domestic Sewage: This is a major source of water pollution, introducing
pathogens and organic waste into water bodies. Sewage can deplete oxygen
levels in water, harming aquatic life, and may contain pharmaceuticals that
affect aquatic organisms.
2. Industrial Discharges: Factories often release toxic chemicals, heavy metals,
and heat into water bodies, which can be harmful to both aquatic ecosystems
and human health.
3. Agricultural Runoff: Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture can run off
into nearby water bodies, leading to nutrient pollution and eutrophication,
which causes algal blooms and oxygen depletion.
4. Oil Spills: Accidental releases of oil into oceans and rivers can have
devastating ecological impacts, affecting marine life and coastal ecosystems.
5. Sediment Pollution: Construction activities and deforestation can lead to
increased sediment in water bodies, which can disrupt habitats and harm
aquatic organisms.
6. Radioactive Substances: Improper disposal of radioactive waste can lead to
LAND POLLUTION
 INTRO

Land pollution refers to the degradation of

the Earth's surface caused by human
activities and the misuse of land
resources. It involves the accumulation of
solid and liquid waste materials that
contaminate the soil and disrupt the
natural balance of ecosystems. Common
causes include industrial waste,
agricultural chemicals, deforestation, and
improper waste disposal. Land pollution
can lead to loss of fertile land, harm to
wildlife, and health problems for humans,
making it a significant environmental
concern that requires effective
 Pollutants

1. Land Pollutants: These include solid waste, chemicals

from industrial activities, pesticides, and fertilizers.
Land pollution often leads to soil contamination and
can affect groundwater quality.
2. Plastic Pollutants: Plastic waste is a significant issue
due to its persistence in the environment and
potential to harm wildlife and ecosystems.
CAUSES
1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): This includes nonhazardous garbage, rubbish,
and trash from homes, institutions, and commercial establishments. Improper
disposal of these materials can lead to soil and groundwater contamination.
2. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste: Debris from building, renovating,
or demolishing structures, such as wood, metal, concrete, and asphalt,
contributes to land pollution when not properly managed.
3. Hazardous Waste: Generated by industries such as chemical manufacturing
and petroleum refining, hazardous waste includes toxic, reactive, ignitable,
and corrosive substances. Improper disposal poses significant threats to
environmental quality and public health.
4. Agricultural Activities: The use of pesticides and fertilizers can degrade soil
quality and contaminate groundwater, contributing to land pollution.
5. Plastic Waste: Improper disposal of plastic materials leads to persistent
pollution in the environment, as plastics do not easily decompose.
6. Illegal Dumping and Spills: Practices such as "midnight dumping" of
hazardous wastes and accidental spills further exacerbate land pollution
issues.
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