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Optimization_Presentation

The document discusses the optimization of a boiler/turbo-generator system using linear programming to minimize operational costs while meeting steam and electricity demands. It details the characteristics of two turbines, their power outputs, and the associated costs of steam and purchased power. The objective is to balance steam flow rates and power generation to achieve cost efficiency under specific constraints.

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48 views12 pages

Optimization_Presentation

The document discusses the optimization of a boiler/turbo-generator system using linear programming to minimize operational costs while meeting steam and electricity demands. It details the characteristics of two turbines, their power outputs, and the associated costs of steam and purchased power. The objective is to balance steam flow rates and power generation to achieve cost efficiency under specific constraints.

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دكتور كونوها
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College Of Mechanical Engineering Technology-Benghazi/

Chemical Engineering Department

Boiler/Turbo-Generator System
Optimization

Abdul-Rahman Abdullah Alfakhri


141046
EXAMPLE 11.4 BOILER/TURBO-GENERATOR
SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
Linear programming is often used in the design and operation of steam systems in the chemical
industry. Figure E11.4 shows a steam and power system for a small power house fired by wood
pulp. To produce electric power, this system contains two turbo- generators whose characteristics
are listed in Table E11.4A. Turbine 1 is a double- extraction turbine with two intermediate streams
leaving at 195 and 62 psi; the final stage produces condensate that is used as boiler feed water.
Turbine 2 is a single-extraction turbine with one intermediate stream at 195 psi and an exit
stream leaving at 62 psi with no condensate being formed. The first turbine is more efficient due
to the energy released from the condensation of steam, but it cannot produce as much power as
the second turbine. Excess steam may bypass the turbines to the two levels of steam through
pressure-reducing valves. Table E11.4B lists information about the different levels of steam, and
Table E11.4C gives the demands on the system. To meet the electric power demand, electric
power may be purchased from another producer with a minimum base of 12,000 kW. If the
electric power required to meet the system demand is less than this base, the power that is not
used will be charged at a penalty cost. Table E11.4D gives the costs of fuel for the boiler and
additional electric power to operate the utility system. The system shown in Figure E11.4 may be
modeled as linear constraints and combined with a linear objective function. The objective is to
minimize the operating cost of the system by choice of steam flow rates and power generated or
purchased, subject to the demands and restrictions on the system. The following objective
function is the cost to operate the system per hour, namely, the sum of steam produced HPS,
purchased power required PP, and excess power EP:
FIGURE E11.4
I₁ = inlet flow rate for turbine I [lb/h]
HE₁ = exit flow rate from turbine I to 195 psi header [lb/h]
LE₁ = exit flow rate from turbine I to 62 psi header [lb/h]
C = condensate flow rate from turbine 1 [lb/h]
P₁ = power generated by turbine I [kW]
BF₁= bypass flow rate from 635 psi to 195 psi header [lb/h]
BF₂ = bypass flow rate from 195 psi to 62 psi header [lb/h]
HPS = flow rate through 635 psi header [lb/h]
MPS = flow rate through 195 psi header [lb/h]
LPS = flow rate through 62 psi header [lb/h]
PP = purchased power [kW]
EP = excess power [kW]
PRV = pressure-reducing valve
Problem Overview

• The system includes two turbines, steam flow,


and power generation.

• The goal is to meet demands (for steam and


electricity) and minimize costs.
Data Overview

1. Demands:
• Medium-pressure steam (195 psig): 271,536 lbm/h
• Low-pressure steam (62 psig): 100,623 lbm/h
• Electric power: 24,550 kW

2. Costs:
• Steam (635 psig): $0.002614/lbm
• Purchased power: $0.0239/kWh
• Penalty for excess power: $0.009825/kWh
• Base purchased power: $12,000 KW
3. Turbine 1:
• Maximum power output: 6,250 kW
• Minimum power output: 2,500 kW
• Maximum inlet flow: 192,000 lbm/h
• Maximum condensate flow: 62,000 lbm/h
• Maximum internal flow: 132,000 lbm/h
• High-pressure extraction: 195 psig
• Low-pressure extraction: 62 psig

4. Turbine 2:
Maximum power output: 9,000 kW
Minimum power output: 3,000 kW
• Maximum inlet flow: 244,000 lbm/h
• Maximum 62 psi exhaust: 142,000 lbm/h
• High-pressure extraction: 195 psig
5. Steam properties:
• High-pressure steam (650 psig, 720⁰F): 1359.8 Btu/lbm
• Medium-pressure steam (195 psig, 130⁰F): 1267.8 Btu/lbm
• Low-pressure steam (62 psig, 130⁰F): 1251.4 Btu/lbm
• Feed water (Condensate): 193.0 Btu/lbm
• MINIMIZE:

f = 0.00261 HPS + 0.0239 PP + 0.00983 EP


THE CONSTRAINT
• Turbine 1
P1 ≤ 6,250 • Material balances
P1 ≥ 2,500 HBS – I1 – I2 – BF1 = 0
I1 ≤ 192,000 I1 + I2 + BF1 - C - MPS - LPS = 0
C ≤ 62,000 I1 - HE1 - LE1 - C = 0
I1 – HE1 ≤ 132,000 I2 - HE2 - LE2 = 0
HE1 + HE2 + BF1 - BF2 - MPS = 0
• Turbine 2 LE1 + LE2 + BF2 - LPS = 0

P2 ≤ 9,000
P2 ≥ 3,000
I2 ≤ 244,000
• Power purchased
EP + PP ≥ 12,000

• Demands

MPS ≥ 271,536
LPS ≥ 100,623
P1 + P2 + PP ≥ 24,550
• Energy balances
1359.8 I1 – 1267.8 HE1 – 1251.4 LE1 – 192 C – 3413 P1 = 0
1359.8 I2 – 1267.8 HE2 – 1251.4 LE2 – 3413 P2 = 0
THANK YOU

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