Geometry & Data

Analysis
Learning
Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you will be able
to:
• Calculate dimensions, perimeter, circumference, and area of two-dimensional
• figures
• Calculate andcreate
Interpret and use rates,
dataratios, andCalculate
displays percentsand use

mean, median, mode, and weighted average Determine

• probabilities

•
Two-Dimensional
Figures
Two-dimensional (2D) figures are shapes made up of line segments, such as rectangles,
triangles, and circles.

There are infinite types of 2D figures, but

the most common 2D shapes on the GED
test include quadrilaterals, triangles, and
circles.
You have access to a Formula
Sheet during the test, but you
will need to know how to identify
shapes and use the formulas for
this to be helpful!
Quadrilateral
s
Quadrilaterals are 2D figures with four straight sides, four angles, and four
vertices.

rectangl squar parallelogra

e e m

trapezoi rhombu
d s
Triangle
s
A triangle has three sides, three angles, and three
vertices.

Triangles can be classified by side length or angle

measure.
Triangle
s
A right triangle has one right
angle.
The side directly across from the right angle is the longest side
right
of thetriangle and is called the
hypotenuse.
The two sides adjacent to the right angle are called the
legsof the triangle.

When aand bare used to represent the lengths of the legs and cis used to represent
the length of the hypotenuse, the side lengths of a right triangle can be
represented by the equation a2+ b2= c2.

This equation is known as the Pythagorean

theorem.
Mixed
Practice
1. One side of a right triangle is 3 meters, and the hypotenuse of the triangle is 6 meters.
Find the length of the remaining side to the nearest tenth unit. You MAY use a calculator.
Perimeter and
Area
Perimeter is the distance around a figure. Perimeter is measured in
units.
To find perimeter, simply add the lengths
of the sides.
Area is the measure of the space inside a flat figure.
Area is measured in square units.

Certain shapes have formulas to make it easier

to
perimeter
find the and area of the
shape
Circle
s
A circle is a closed set of points that are all the same distance
from a single point: the center of the circle.

Any line that goes from the center of the circle to a point on the
circle is called the radius.

Any line that goes from one point on the circle to another point on
the circle while passing directly through the center is called the
diameter.

When two radii are combined, they create the

diameter.
Circle
s
The perimeter of a circle is called the

circumference.
The area of a circle is still called

area. → C = πd = (2r
circumference ×diamete
π )
=π =
area r or A =

π×(radius)2 πr2
d=
C=
r= A = diameter
circumference
radius area
Mixed
Practice
2. Dhivya is designing a circular garden for her yard. She will use 4 meter long dividers
between sections, and she wants to use the same material to create a fence around the
garden. How many meters of fencing will Dhivya need?

A. 1
B.
3
C 2
5
.
D 3
.
2
5
0
Perimeter and
Area
For certain 2D figures, you can apply a formula to find the
perimeter.

These formulas are provided, but try to memorize

them:
Perimeter and
Area
For certain 2D figures, you can apply a formula to find the
area.

These formulas are provided, but try to memorize

them:
Mixed
Practice
3. Jan has built a rectangular frame out of wood to use for the bottom of a platform. He
wants to add a diagonal brace as shown in the drawing below. What will the length of the
brace be to the nearest tenth of a foot?

A. 16.
B.
0
C 12.
13.
. 8
7
D 12.
. 1
Mixed
Practice
4. On the target below, the 5-and 10-point bands are each 2 inches wide, and the 25-point
inner circle has a diameter of 2 inches. To the nearest inch, what is the outer
circumference of the 10- point band?

A 6
13
.
B 19
.D. 113

.
Mixed
Practice
5. If workers lay a tile border around the edge of the fountain shown in the diagram, how
many feet long will the border be to the nearest foot?

A. 19
B. 36
C 38
. 57
D
.
Mixed
Practice
6. Martin is building a rectangular patio centered on one side of his yard. The rest of his yard,
shown in the diagram, is planted with grass. If the measurements in the diagram are in feet,
what is the square footage of the grass portion of Martin’s yard?

A. 108
B. 162
C 324
. 432
D
.
Ratios and
Proportions
A ratio compares two numbers. You can write a ratio using the
word to, a colon (:), or fraction form.
4
4 to 4:
1 1 1
A proportion is an equation that shows that two ratios are equal. In
most proportion problems, you are asked to solve for a missing
term. 1 x
=
32
4
To directly compare quantities represented differently, translate them into the same
format.
Mixed
Practice
7. There are 10 men and 14 women in Kathleen’s math class. What is the ratio of women to
the total number of students in the class?

1
A.
0
2
4
B. 1
4
C 12
4
0
. 1
4
D
1
4
.
1
0
Percent
s
Percent means “per hundred” or “out of one
hundred.”
part
percen =  100
who
t %
le
To convert a percent into a fraction, write the percent over 100 and
reduce. 25 1
25 =10 =4
% 0

To convert percents to decimals, drop the percent symbol and move the decimal point two
places to the left.

25% =
0.25
Mixed
Practice
8. Relative humidity is found by dividing the grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air by
the maximum possible grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air, then converting to a
percentage. If on a given day the air has 6.7 grams of water vapor per cubic meter, and the
maximum possible at that temperature is 19.2 grams of water vapor per cubic meter, what
is the relative humidity, to the nearest percent?

A. 19%
B. 30%

C. 35%
D 67
. %
Percents: Taxes and
Gratuities
To calculate the amount of tax charged on a purchase or the amount of tip to leave,
multiply the original cost by the tax or gratuity rate.

Cost: $20.00 Tax rate:

8.25% Tax = 20 x
0.0825 = $1.65

Pro Tip: To calculate the final cost in one step, multiply the original

cost by 100% + the

tax rate: final cost = 20 x 108.25% = 20 x 1.0825 = $21.65
Percents: Simple
Interest
To calculate simple interest, multiply the principal, the rate, and the
time together. Make sure both the rate and the time are listed using
either months or years—not a mix of the two!

Loan (principal):
$2000 Interest rate:
2% (monthly) Term=
24 months × rate × time = 2000 x 0.02 x 24 =
Interest = principal
(monthly) (months) $960
The formula for simple interest is provided on the Formula Sheet on Test
Day.
Mixed
Practice
9. Jean borrowed $1300 to buy tools for her job as an auto mechanic. The loan is for 1 year
and 6 months at 9% simple interest annually. Which of the following expressions could be
used to find the amount she will pay back at the end of the loan period?

A. $1300 ×1.5 ×0.09 $1300

B. ×1.5 ×9 $1300 + ($1300
C ×9 ×1.5) $1300 + ($1300
. ×0.09 ×1.5)
D
.
Percent
Change
Percent change represents the increase or decrease between an original value and a new
value.
new −
percent =  100
original
change %
original
To calculate percent
•Subtract the original value from the new value
change:
•Divide the difference by the original value
•Multiply by 100 to turn this decimal into a
percent
Mixed
Practice
10. Dominic earns $285 per week plus an 8% commission rate on all his sales. If Dominic sells
$4,213 worth of merchandise in one week, how much will his total earnings for the week be?

A. $337.0
B. 4
C $359.8
. 4
D $513.0
. 0
$622.0
4
Displaying Categorical
Data
Pie graphs are used to represent portions of a whole. The size of each “slice” corresponds
to the percent of the whole it represents.

Bar graphs use bars to represent values. One axis represents a numerical scale, while the

other
contains labels for the quantities being represented.
Mixed
Practice
11. The graph shows the level of ibuprofen, yunits, in a
patient’s bloodstream xhours after the ibuprofen was taken.

The level of ibuprofen in the patient’s bloodstream increased

from hours to hours
.
Mean, Median, Mode, and
Range
For a given data set:
•Mode:The most common
•Range: The difference between the largest and smallest
value
values The middle value (or the average of the two middle values, if the data set has
•Median:
an even
number of values)

•Mean (Average):
Example: {–4, 1, The sum of the values divided by the number of values
5, 8,
sum of terms =− 4+
1 + 5 +8 +10 1 = 3 =5
Mode
10, 10} = most= 10 Mean
number of 6 + 0 0
= terms 6
Range = largest – (10)−
5+
Median = middle value = between = 8 =
smallest = (−4)=14 2 6.5
5 and 8
Mixed
Practice
12. A speech pathologist collects data from 10 people for an experiment. Each person
answers 6 questions. The speech pathologist records the number of questions that each
person correctly answered and puts each person’s data in the line plot. The median of the
data is 3.5, and the mode of the data is 2. Complete the line plot so that the plot matches
the pathologist’s data.

On Test Day: Click on

the red X and drag it
onto the graph as many
times as necessary to
represent the data.
Mean, Median, Mode, and
Range
13. The number of patients enrolled at four health clinics are 790,
1150, 662, and 805. Which expression could be used to find the
mean number of patients per clinic?

790 + 1150 + +80

A
662 4 5
.

B 790 + 1150 + 662 +

. 805

C 662 +
. 1150 2

D (790 + 1150 + 662 + × 2

. 805)
Rate
s
A rate is a form of ratio which represents
how many units of a certain variable there
are per one unit of another variable.

The unit rate, the quantity of y per one unit

of x, is the same as the slope of the line
representing
this relationship.
Mixed
Practice
14. A painter rented a wallpaper steamer at 9 a.m. and returned it
at 4 p.m. He paid a total of $28.84. What was the rental cost per
hour?
A. $2.43
B. $3.61

C. $4.12
D. $5.77
Probabilit
y
The probability that an event will occur describes the chance that a particular outcome will
happen. To calculate the probability that an event will occur use the formula:

probabilit # of desired
# of
outcomes
total possible
y=
outcomes
The probability that an event won’t happen is always: 1 –(probability that it
will)

Example: If there are 8 books on the shelf and 3 are red, what is the probability of
selecting a red book? Selecting a book that isn’t red?
all booksre =3 8
Desired: red books Total possible: probabil

d =1 3 =
ity
probabil not 8 5
8
red –
ity
Probabilit
y
The outcome of independent eventsdo not affect the outcome of
future events. To calculate the probability that two independent
events will
happen, multiply the probability of each event together:
Probabilit × Probabilit
y1 y2
Example: There are 8 books on the shelf. Three are red and two are blue. What is the
probability
of selecting a red book, putting it back, and then selecting a blue
book?
Probability 1: Probability 2: Probability of
Desired: red books Desired: blue both: Prob1 ×
3 ×=
2 6=3
Total possible: all books Total 8 8 3
prob= Prob2 6
pro 2 28 all books 4 2
books
3 8 possible:
b =
Mixed
Practice
15. The probability of rain on each of the next three days is given in the
table.
Probability of Rain on Each
On Test Day: Type your
Day
Da Tuesda Wednesda Thursda answer in the box. You
Probabilit
y may use numbers, a
of y 30% y 45% y 50%
Rain decimal point (.), and/or
y
Based on the table, what is the percent probability that it will rain all a negative sign (–) in
three
days your answer.
?

%
Mixed
Practice
16. Hartley opened a food truck business to sell food on the street. On day 2, the business
earned $112. On day 5, the business earned $367. Hartley assumes that the earnings will
continue to increase at the same rate. How much will the business earn on day 10?

On Test Day: Type

your
answer in the box.
You

may use numbers, a

decimal point (.),

and/or a negative

sign
(–) in your answer.
Mixed
Practice
17. Douglas received a 6% raise. If his old monthly salary was $2,250, what is his monthly
salary now?
A. $2,256
B. $2,385
C $3,600
. $13,50
D 0
.
Learning
Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you will be able
to:
• Calculate dimensions, perimeter, circumference, and area of two-dimensional
• figures
• Calculate andcreate
Interpret and use rates,
dataratios, andCalculate
displays percentsand use

mean, median, mode, and weighted average Determine

• probabilities

•
Questions
?
Effort and practice are the keys to Test Day Success. Now that you have completed this
lesson, you should reinforce these topics by completing practice questions.

If you have questions between live sessions, email your GED experts at

[email protected]
with questions.
Happy
studying!
Answer
Key
Answer
Key
1. One side of a right triangle is 3 meters, and the hypotenuse of the triangle is 6 meters.
Find the length of the remaining side to the nearest tenth unit. You MAY use a calculator.

leg a2+ b2= To find a, take the square

leg b c2 a2+ a =of 27.
root
a 32= 62
hypotenus 5.19615244…
ec a2+ 9=
a2= a ≈5.2
leg a= a meters
27 36 meters
leg b= 3 meters
hypotenuse c= 6
meters
Answer
Key
2. Dhivya is designing a circular garden for her yard. She will use 4 meter long dividers
between sections, and she wants to use the same material to create a fence around the
garden. How many meters of fencing will Dhivya need?

A 13 dividers = radius = 4
25
.
BC. 32 meters
. Circumference × π π
radius, or C =
D 5
. 0 C = 2 π×
×
=2 4 × 2r
C ≈8 ×3.14
C ≈25.12 ≈25
meters
Answer
Key
3. Jan has built a rectangular frame out of wood to use for the bottom of a platform. He
wants to add a diagonal brace as shown in the drawing below. What will the length of the
brace be to the nearest tenth of a foot?

A. 16. diagonal brace =

B. c
0 a2+ b2=
hypotenuse
C 12.
13. c2 112+
. 8
7
52= c2
D 12.
121 + 25
. 1
12.1
= c2feet
146
≈c = c2
Answer
Key
4. On the target below, the 5-and 10-point bands are each 2 inches wide, and the 25-point
inner circle has a diameter of 2 inches. To the nearest inch, what is the outer
circumference of the 10- point band?

A
6 diameter = 2 + 2 +
.
2 2 2
2=
C =π6
d
13
B
C ×6
C.19 D.
C ≈18.84
≈3.14
.113
C ≈19
inches
Answer
Key
5. If workers lay a tile border around the edge of the fountain shown in the diagram, how
many feet long will the border be to the nearest foot?

A. 19 Border of the
B. 36
C 38 fountain =
C= πd
circumference of the
. 57 C= π×12
circle
D C≈3.14
. ×12
C≈37.68
C≈38 feet
Answer
Key
6. Martin is building a rectangular patio centered on one side of his yard. The rest of his yard,
shown in the diagram, is planted with grass. If the measurements in the diagram are in feet,
what is the square footage of the grass portion of Martin’s yard?

Grass portion is everything in the yard

A. 108
B. 162 except the patio Grass = yard –patio Area of
C 324
432 the yard = 18 ×24 = 432 Area of the patio
.
D
= 9 ×12 = 108
.
Grass = 432 –108 = 324 square feet
Answer
Key
7. There are 10 men and 14 women in Kathleen’s math class. What is the ratio of women to
the total number of students in the class?

1
A.
0
2 Number of women = 14 Total
4
B. 1 number of students = 10 + 14
4 wom 14
C 12 Ratio
= 24 of women to = en =24
total total
4
0
. 1
4
D
1
4
.
1
0
Answer
Key
8. Relative humidity is found by dividing the grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air by
the maximum possible grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air, then converting to a
percentage. If on a given day the air has 6.7 grams of water vapor per cubic meter, and the
maximum possible at that temperature is 19.2 grams of water vapor per cubic meter, what
is the relative humidity, to the nearest percent?

A. 19% water vapor ³

B. 30% relative (g/m) × 100
humidity = %
max water vapor ³
C. 35%
(g/m) ³
D 67 relative 6.7 ×100%=
humidity = 0.3489583333… × 100
. %
19.2 %
g/m
g/m³
To the nearest percent, the relative
Answer
Key
9. Jean borrowed $1300 to buy tools for her job as an auto mechanic. The loan is for 1 year
and 6 months at 9% simple interest annually. Which of the following expressions could be
used to find the amount she will pay back at the end of the loan period?

1) Find the amount of simple

A. $1300 ×1.5 ×0.09 $1300
interest:
interest = amt borrowed ×annual time
B. ×1.5 ×9 $1300 + ($1300
(years)
interest rate × interest = $1300 ×9%
C ×9 ×1.5) $1300 + ($1300
. ×0.09 ×1.5) ×1.5 years interest = $1300 ×0.09 ×1.5
D 2) Find the total amount to be
. repaid:
total amount = amount borrowed +
simple interest
total amount = $1300 + ($1300 ×0.09
Answer
Key
10. Dominic earns $285 per week plus an 8% commission rate on all his sales. If Dominic sells
$4,213 worth of merchandise in one week, how much will his total earnings for the week be?

A. $337.0 Total earnings = $285 +

B. 4
commission Commission =8% × $4,213 $337.0
C $359.8 = 4
$285 + = 0.08 $622.0
of $4,213
. 4
D $513.0 $337.04 = 4
. 0
$622.0
4
Answer
Key
11. The graph shows the level of ibuprofen, yunits, in a
patient’s bloodstream xhours after the ibuprofen was taken.

The level of ibuprofen in the patient’s bloodstream increased

from hours to hours
.

Where was the level

increasing?
Answer
Key
12. A speech pathologist collects data from 10 people for an experiment. Each person
answers 6 questions. The speech pathologist records the number of questions that each
person correctly answered and puts each person’s data in the line plot. The median of the
data is 3.5, and the mode of the data is 2. Complete the line plot so that the plot matches
the pathologist’s data.
On Test Day: Click on
x the red X and drag it
onto the graph as many
x
times as necessary to
represent the data.
Answer
Key
13. The number of patients enrolled at four health clinics are 790,
1150, 662, and 805. Which expression could be used to find the
mean number of patients per clinic?

790 + 1150 + +80

A Mean =Sum of
.
662 4 5 terms
Number of
terms
B 790 + 1150 + 662 + Sum of 790 + 1150 + 662
. 805
Number
terms = of 4
+ 805
C 662 +
. 1150 2 terms =79 +1150+662+805
Mean
0 4
D (790 + 1150 + 662 + × 2 =
. 805)
Answer
Key
13. The number of patients enrolled at four health clinics are 790,
1150, 662, and 805. Which expression could be used to find the
mean number of patients per clinic?

790 + 1150 + +80

A Mean =Sum of
.
662 4 5 terms
Number of
terms
B 790 + 1150 + 662 + Sum of 790 + 1150 + 662
. 805
Number
terms = of 4
+ 805
C 662 +
. 1150 2 terms =79 +1150+662+805
Mean
0 4
D (790 + 1150 + 662 + × 2 =
. 805)
Answer
Key
14. A painter rented a wallpaper steamer at 9 a.m. and returned it
at 4 p.m. He paid a total of $28.84. What was the rental cost per
hour?
A. $2.43 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.7 =
B. $3.61 $28.84 ÷7 hours =$4.12 per
hour
C. $4.12 hours
D. $5.77
Answer
Key
15. The probability of rain on each of the next three days is given in the
table.
Probability of Rain on Each
On Test Day: Type your
Day
Da Tuesda Wednesda Thursda answer in the box. You
Probabilit
y may use numbers, a
of y 30% y 45% y 50%
Rain decimal point (.), and/or
y
Based on the table, what is the percent probability that it will rain all a negative sign (–) in
three
days your answer.
?
30% × 50% 0.3 × 0.45× 0.5 = 0.0675
×45% = % =6.75%
6.7
5
Answer
Key
16. Hartley opened a food truck business to sell food on the street. On day 2, the business
earned $112. On day 5, the business earned $367. Hartley assumes that the earnings will
continue to increase at the same rate. How much will the business earn on day 10?

79 On Test Day: Type

Increase
days: over 3 367 –112 =
255
your
answer in the box.
2 Increase per 255 ÷3 You
Increase after 5 days:5(85
day: =85 ) may use numbers, a
367 + 79 decimal point (.),
Amount after 5 more
and/or a negative
days: 5(85) = 2
sign
(–) in your answer.
Answer
Key
17. Douglas received a 6% raise. If his old monthly salary was $2,250, what is his monthly
salary now?
A. $2,256 old salary = $2,250 new salary =
B. $2,385 106% of old salary = old salary × 106
C $3,600 %
. $13,50
106% =
D 0
1.06
.
new salary = $2,250 x 1.06 =
$2,385