WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electro-Mechanical Engineering

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

Compiled by Dagim Asegid (M.Sc. MEng.), Dec. 2023

Chapter Five

NC PART
PROGRAMMING
 Chapter Five
 Numerical Control (NC) refers to the method of  The numerical data required to produce a part is
controlling the manufacturing operation by means called a part program.
of directly inserted coded numerical instructions  Cutting speed, feed rate, and auxiliary functions such
into the machine tool. as coolant on / off and spindle direction are also
 It can also defined as the use of coded numerical specified in the part program to meet the required
information in the automatic control of equipment's surface finishes and tolerance.
positioning.

 The production steps for a part are stored in a part

program.

 The part is produced automatically with out human

intervention.
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 Atypical NC machine tool contains the machine i. The Data Processing Unit (DPU)
control unit (MCU) and the machine tool itself.  Read the part program from the tape or some other
 The MCU considered as the brain of the machine, medium.
reads the part program and controls the machine tool  Decodes the program statements.
operations.
 Processes the decoded information.
 The MCU of NC machine tool consist of the data
 Pass the decoded information to the CLU about the
processing unit (DPU) and the control loop unit
position, direction of motion and feed.
(CLU).
 It has a data input devices such as a tape reader, data
reading circuit, and decoding circuit to determine the
required axis movement.
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ii. The Control Loop Unit (CLU)

 Receives data from the DPU and converts them to

control signals.

 It operates the drive mechanisms of the machine.

 It receives feed back signals about the actual

positioning and velocity of each of the axis, and
instructs the DPU to read new instructions from the
part program when the operation has been
completed.
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Manual Part Programming

 Two types of programming modes, the incremental

system and the absolute system, are used for CNC.
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i. Incremental Positioning Programming

 locations are always given as the distance and

direction from the immediately preceding point.

 In incremental programming, the G91 command

indicates to the computer and MCU (Machine
Control Unit) that programming is in the
incremental mode.
 P0 N… …

P0 P1 N… G01 U5. W-25. F…

P1 P2 N… G01 U10. W-15. F…

P2 N… …
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ii. Absolute positioning program

 locations are always given from a single fixed zero

or origin point.

 The zero or origin point may be a position on the

machine table, such as the corner of the worktable or
at any specific point on the work piece.

 In absolute programming, the G90 command

indicates to the computer and MCU that the  P0 N… …
programming is in the absolute mode. P0  P1 N… G01 X40. Z25. F…
P1  P2 N… G01 X60. Z-40. F…
P2  N… …
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Point to point positioning

 Point to point positioning is used when it is

necessary to accurately locate the spindle, or the
work piece mounted on the machine table, at one or
more specific locations to perform such operations
as drilling, reaming, boring, tapping and
punching.
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Continuous path (contouring):

 Contouring or continuous path machining, involves

work such as that produced on a lathe or milling
machine where the cutting tool is in contact with the
work piece as It travels from one programmed point
to the next.

 Continuous path positioning is the ability to control

motion on two or more machine axis simultaneously
to keep a constant cutter work piece relationship.
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Interpolation  Helical, parabolic, and cubic interpolation are used
 The method by which contouring machine tools by industries that manufacture parts which have
move from one programmed point to the next is complex shapes, such as aerospace parts and dies for
called interpolation. car bodies.
 There are five methods of interpolation: linear,
circular, helical, parabolic, and cubic.

 All contouring controls provide linear interpolation,

and most controls are capable of both linear and
circular interpolation.
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Linear interpolation Circular interpolation

 Consists of any programmed points linked together  The development of MCU capable of circular
by straight lines, whether the points are close interpolation has greatly simplified the process of
together or far apart. programming arcs and circles.

 Curves can be produced with linear interpolation by  To program an arc the MCU require the coordinate
breaking them in to short, straight line segment. position of the circle center, the radius of the
circle, the start point and end point of the arc
being cut and the direction in which the arc is to be
cut.
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G01, Linear Interpolation  G90:
N030 G00 X39 Z2
N040 G01 X39 Z0
N050 G90
N060 G01 X48 Z-37

 G91:
N030 G00 X39 Z2
N040 G01 X39 Z0
N050 G91
N060 G01 X4.5 Z-37
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G02 and G03 Circular Interpolation

 G02 clockwise circular interpolation

 G03 anti clockwise circular interpolation

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Reference Points

 M = Machine zero point. (unchangeable ref. Point

determined by machine manufacturer)

 N = Tool mounting reference point

 W = Work piece zero point. (can be freely

determined by the programmer and can be moved
within program
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Basic Concepts for Part Programming i. The Z - axis

 The first thing that needs to be defined in order to  On a machine where a work piece is rotating, as a
describe both geometry and motion is a coordinate lathe machine, the Z axis is parallel to the spindle
system on which point locations can be specified. and a motion along its positive direction moves the

 tool away from the work piece.

The main 3 axis of motion are the X, Y, and Z axis,
which form a right hand coordinate system.  On a machine tool where a tool is rotating, as on a
milling, drilling or a boring machine, the Z axis is
parallel to the tool axis.

 The positive Z direction moves the tool a way from

the work piece.
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ii. The X - axis iii. The Y - axis

 On a work piece rotating machine, the X axis is in  The Y axis is determined from the X and Z axis such
the direction of tool movement. that, the XYZ coordinate system forms a right hand

 coordinate system.
The motion along its positive direction moves the
tool away from the workpiece.
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Part Program i. Sequence number (N code: 1 to 9999) used to

 A block is equivalent to a line of words in a part identify each block in a part program and provides
a way to locate commands rapidly.
program, and each block is composed of several
commands that are equivalent to the words in each ii. Preparatory command (G code) prepare the MCU
line. for a given operation, typically involving cutter

 Each command has an identifying letter followed by motion.

an associated number. iii. Dimension words (X, Y, Z, A and B) this words

 contain the location and axis orientation data of a

The identifying letters of the commands are as
follow : cutter.
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A Tab Sequential Format
iv. Feed commands (F code: m/min) used to specify
the cutter feed rates to be applied.  A TAB key is inserted before and after each word
and each block with an end of a block (EOB)
v. Speed commands (S code) used to specify the
character.
spindle speed.
 A block can be terminated by the EOB.
vi. Tool selection commands (T code) specifies which
tool is to be used in a specific operation. Word Address Format

vii. Miscellaneous commands (M code) used to  Each word in a block is preceded by a letter that
designate a particular mode of operation, typically identifies the word type, and the letter is followed by
coolant supply and spindle on or off. a number that specifies its content.

 The standard sequence of words in a block is

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End of Chapter Five Part 1

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