Scribd
Upload
9 views

Lecture 7-SecondaryWW

The document discusses the secondary treatment of wastewater, focusing on the removal of suspended and dissolved organics using biological processes. It highlights the role of various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, in decomposing wastewater and outlines their nutritional and energy requirements. Additionally, it describes the growth patterns of microorganisms and the importance of environmental factors in biomass production, as well as the activated sludge system used in wastewater treatment.

Uploaded by

juan estadian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

Lecture 7-SecondaryWW

The document discusses the secondary treatment of wastewater, focusing on the removal of suspended and dissolved organics using biological processes. It highlights the role of various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, in decomposing wastewater and outlines their nutritional and energy requirements. Additionally, it describes the growth patterns of microorganisms and the importance of environmental factors in biomass production, as well as the activated sludge system used in wastewater treatment.

Uploaded by

juan estadian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Environmental Engineering 1

Secondary Treatment of
Wastewater

Lecture 7
Prepared By: Dr. Clint Sutherland
http://www.thewatertreatments.com/waste-water-treatment/primary-treatment-sewage-treatment-waste
What are the Objectives?
Effluent from primary treatment still contains 40-50% original
suspended solids and virtually ALL dissolved organics and inorganics

The removal of organics both suspended (colloidal) and dissolved is


called secondary treatment.

How are these objectives achieved?


The use of biological processes is the most cost effective method used
to treat municipal wastewaters.

Microorganisms use organics in wastewater as a food source and


convert them to biological cells (Biomass)

Because wastewater contains a wide variety of organics, a variety of


organisms or mixed culture is required fro complete treatment.
Efficient treatment then depends on understanding the requirements for optimal growth
as well as recognizing unfavorable conditions.

Typically, a domestic wastewater prior to entering the treatment plant will contain from
100,000 to 1,000,000 microorganisms per milliliter.

While all microorganisms found in wastewater treatment plants have some role in the
decomposition of wastes, probably the three most significant microbial groups are
the bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

Bacteria have the primary role of decomposing wastewater compounds, forming


settleable solids, and at times are the source of operational problems.

The general group called fungi are significant since many operational problems are
caused by members of this group.

Protozoa are microorganisms that play a key role as predators and help control the
bacterial populations.

Microorganism require Energy source (biosynthesis, maintenance) & Carbon source


(Growth of microorganisms)
General information on the classification of Microorganisms
• Nutritional Requirements: On the basis of chemical form of
carbon required, microorganisms are classified as
– Autotrophic: organisms that use CO2 or HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)
as their sole source of carbon.
– Heterotrophic: organisms that use carbon from organic
compounds.
• Energy Requirements: On the basis of energy source
required, microorganisms are classified as
– Phototrophs: organisms that use light as their energy source.
– Chemotrophs: organisms that employ oxidation-reduction
reactions to provide energy. They are further classified on the
basis of chemical compounds oxidized (i.e., electron donor)
• Chemoorganotrophs: Organisms that use complex organic molecules
as their electron donor.
• Chemoautotrophs: Organisms that use simple inorganic molecules
such as hydrogen sulfide or ammonia as their electron donor.
• Temperature Range: On the basis of temperature range
within which they can proliferate, microorganisms are
classified as
– Psychrophilic: organisms whose growth is optimum within 15 to
30°C.
– Mesophilic: organisms whose growth is optimum within 30 to
45°C.
– Thermophilic: organisms whose growth is optimum within 45 to
70°C.
• Oxygen Requirements: On the basis of oxygen requirement
microorganisms are classified as
– Aerobes: organisms that use molecular oxygen as electron
acceptor.
– Anaerobes: organisms that use some molecule other than
molecular oxygen as electron acceptor.
– Facultative organisms : organisms that can use either molecular
oxygen or some other chemical compound as electron acceptor.
Growth Pattern of Micro organisms
• When a small number of viable bacterial cells are placed
in a close vessel containing excessive food supply in a
suitable environment, conditions are established in which
unrestricted growth takes place.

• However, growth of an organism do not go on


indefinitely, and after a characteristic size is reached, the
cell divides due to hereditary and internal limitations.

Growth and food utilization may follow a pattern similar to


as shown in figure:
Lag Phase: is a period of
adaptation of the
microorganisms to their
new environment and
food- null growth rate.

Log-Growth Phase: Once the


microorganism becomes
accustom the growth Stationary phase: Maximum growth cannot
phase begins and occur indefinitely. Food becomes limiting,
proceeds exponentially. overcrowding, waste products build up. Due
Biological cells grow and to limiting food, cells begin endogenous
reproduce. Regeneration catabolism while other cells die. Eventually
can occur in as little as 20 rate of growth = rate of death
minutes.
Endogenous phase: Endogenous catabolism
continues but death of cells dominate and
biomass slowly decreases.
Microorganisms

What factors affect the rate of biomass production?


Rate of biomass production and food utilization is a
function of pH, Temperature and toxins
- Reaction rates increase within the range of 0 to 55
degrees, and can double with every 10 degree increase
in temperature. Excess heat can destroy organisms.
- Microorganisms functions best in neutral pH
conditions, but their tolerance ranges from pH 6 to 9
- Factors such as toxins (poison MO), salt concentration
(affect internal/external cell pressure) and oxidants
(destroy enzymes) influence growth.
- They are capable of adjusting to a wide range of
environmental factors provided it occurs gradually.
Reactors
A biological treatment process in
which a mixture of sewage and Activated Sludge System – Completely
activated sludge is completely Mixed with Sludge Recycle
mixed and aerated. Thus, at
steady state, the effluent from
the aeration tank has the same
composition as the aeration tank
contents.

The activated sludge is


subsequently separated from the
treated sewage by settlement
and 25 to 50 % is re-used.

Mass balance =>


Biomass in + Biomass Growth =
Biomass Out
Food in – Food Consumed = Food
Out
S = Substrate (organics or Food)
X= Biomass (microorganisms)
Q = Quantity of WW flow
Activated Sludge System – Completely Mixed with Sludge Recycle

Plug flow -the flow regime is characterized by orderly flow of mixed liquor
through the aeration tank with no element of mixed liquor overtaking or
mixing with any other element. There may be lateral mixing of mixed
liquor but there must be no mixing along the path of flow.

One characteristic of the plug flow configuration is a very high organic


loading on the MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) in the initial part of
the tank. The loading then is reduced and the organic material in the raw
wastewater is oxidized.
Aeration of Activated Sludge
• The rate of oxygen consumption by MO exceeds the rate
of natural replenishment., thus some artificial means of
adding oxygen is used.

• Aeration techniques consist of air diffusers to inject


compressed air into biological reactor
- Mechanical mixers to stir the contents violently enough to
entrain and distribute air through the liquid
Reference:
H. Peavy, D Rowe, G. Tchobanoglous . Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill
1988

You might also like