The

Skeletal
System
Presented By: Group II (BSIT-1B)

- Anque, Adrian
- Arca, Kristine
- Averilla, Kassandra Bianca
- Baldomar, John Paul
- Baldomar, Von Jacob
- Bascal, Altha Kashmir
Basic Framework of the Body
• Bones
• Axial Skeleton and Appendicular
Skeleton
• Basic Functions of Bones

Joints
• Physical Characteristics of Bones
• Basic Types of Joint Causing
Movements

Movements Occurring at the

Joints
• Flexion and Extension
• Abduction and Adduction
 Basic Framework of
the Body

• Bones and Joints make up the basic framework of

the body, which are both responsible for
movements.
 Basic Framework of
the Body

• Bones and Joints make up the basic framework of

the body, which are both responsible for
movements.

Bones

• There are 206 bones in an adult human skeleton.

• They are grouped into two principles: the Axial

Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton.
 The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the central framework of the human body, providing
structural support.
The Axial Skeleton
It consists of the following
components:
• Skull (Bones of the Head)
- The bony structure that
supports the head.
- Protects the brain, provides
structure to the face, and houses
sensory organs.
- Example: Cranial or facial
bones.

• Laryngeal Skeleton (Bones of

the Neck)
‐ A group of cartilages in the neck
that supports the larynx.
‐ Assists in breathing, speech, and
swallowing.
‐ Example: Thyroid cartilage
The Axial Skeleton
It consists of the following
components:
(Bones of the Trunk):
• Vertebral Column/Spine
‐ A series of interconnected bones
that protect the spinal cord.
‐ Supports the body’s weight and
allows flexibility and movement.
‐ Example: Cervical Vertebrae.

• Thoracic Cage/Rib Cage

‐ The bony structure that forms
the chest.
‐ Protects vital organs and
provides attachment points for
muscles involved in respiration.
‐ Example: Sternum.
 The Appendicular
Skeleton
• Consists of the bones involved in movement and limb
attachment.
The Appendicular
Skeleton
It consists of the following
components:
• Shoulder Girdle/Pectoral
Girdle
‐ The set of bones that connects
the upper limbs to the axial
skeleton.
‐ Facilitates a wide range of motion
for the arms.
‐ Example: Clavicles/Collarbones.

• Upper Limbs
‐ The bones of the forearms,
wrists, and hands.
‐ Allows for fine motor skills,
strength, and precision in
handling objects.
‐ Example: Phalanges (finger
The Appendicular
Skeleton
It consists of the following
components:
• Pelvic Girdle
‐ The set of bones that connects
the lower limbs to the axial
skeleton.
‐ Supports the body’s weight. Also
protects pelvic/reproductive
organs.
‐ Example: Hip bones.

• Lower Limbs
‐ The bones of the thighs, legs,
ankles, and feet.
‐ Provides support for walking,
running, and other lower-body
movements.
‐
Basic Functions of
Bones

1. Provide support for the tissues of the body to keep the

body in an erect posture.
Basic Functions of
Bones

1. Provide support for the tissues of the body to keep the

body in an erect posture.

2. Protects internal organs such as the brain, heart, and

lungs.
Basic Functions of
Bones

1. Provide support for the tissues of the body to keep the

body in an erect posture.

2. Protects internal organs such as the brain, heart, and

lungs.

3. Provides surfaces for the attachment of the muscles

and serves as levers for body movement during muscular
contraction.
Basic Functions of
Bones

1. Provide support for the tissues of the body to keep the

body in an erect posture.

2. Protects internal organs such as the brain, heart, and

lungs.

3. Provides surfaces for the attachment of the muscles

and serves as levers for body movement during muscular
contraction.

4. Serves as houses for calcium and phosphorous.

Basic Functions of
Bones

1. Provide support for the tissues of the body to keep the

body in an erect posture.

2. Protects internal organs such as the brain, heart, and

lungs.

3. Provides surfaces for the attachment of the muscles

and serves as levers for body movement during muscular
contraction.

4. Serves as houses for calcium and phosphorous.

5. Contains chemical laboratories in the red marrow of the

bones where red blood cells are produced.
 Joints
• Where two or more bones
articulate.
Physical Characteristics
of Joints

• Synovial Cavity
‐ The space between the
articulating joints.
‐ Helps to lubricate the action of
the moving bones; facilitates
smooth and efficient movement.
‐ Found in: Shoulder joints.

• Articular Cartilage
‐ Covers the end bones to keep
them from rubbing directly with
each other.
‐ Provides a smooth, low-friction
surface.
‐ Found in: Knee joints.
Physical Characteristics
of Joints

• Ligaments
‐ Dense, tough connective tissues
which connect the bones to each
other; providing essential
stability.
‐ The body’s natural “straps” or
“ropes” holding everything
together.
‐ Example: Elbow ligaments.

• Tendons
‐ White, fibrous cords of dense,
connective tissues.
‐ Acts as the bridge between
muscles and bones.
‐ Example: Bicep tendons.
Basic Types of Joint Causing
Movements

• Ball and Socket Joints

‐ Joints with a rounded bone (known as a “ball”)
moving within the depression of another bone
(known as a “socket”).
‐ Allows for great range of motion in the body.
‐ Found mostly in the hips and shoulders.

• Hinge Joints
‐ Joints that are made up of two or more bones
covered with cartilage and lubricated by fluid.
‐ Allows movement in one plane, like a doorknob, or a
“hinge”.
‐ Found in elbows, knees, ankles, and wrists.
Movements Occurring at
the Joints

• Anatomical terms of movement are used to

describe the actions of muscles upon the
skeleton.

• Muscles contract to produce movement at the

joints, and the subsequent movements can be
precisely described using the following
terminologies:
 Flexion and Extension
• Movements that refer to increasing and decreasing the angle
between two body parts.
Flexion

‐ A movement that decreases the

angle between two body parts.

‐ Example: Flexion at the elbow

decreases the angle between the ulna
(forearm bone) and the humerus
(upper arm bone).

‐ Example: Flexion at the knee moves

the ankle closer to the buttock,
decreasing the angle between the
femur (thigh bone) and the tibia (leg
bone).
Extension

‐ A movement that increases the

angle between two body parts.

‐ Example: Extension at the elbow

increases the angle between the ulna
and the humerus.

‐ Example: Extension at the knee

straightens the lower limb.
 Abduction and
Adduction
• Refers to movements towards or away from the
midline of the body.
Abduction

‐ A movement in which any body part is

moved away from the midline/the
center of your body.

‐ Example: Abduction of the shoulder

raises the arms out to the sides of the
body.

‐ Example: Lifting the legs sideways

away from the body.
Adduction

‐ A movement in which any body part is

moved towards the midline/the center
of your body.

‐ Example: Adduction of the shoulders

lowers the arms back down to the sides
of the body.

‐ Example: Adduction of the hips

squeezes the legs together.
Thank
You!