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Module 1-Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of social behavior, focusing on group interactions and societal trends. Key figures in sociology include Auguste Comte, who coined the term, and Karl Marx, who emphasized social conflict and class struggles. The document also highlights contemporary sociological projects addressing youth issues in Pakistan, such as social media influence, cultural identity, and mental health awareness.

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3 views21 pages

Module 1-Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of social behavior, focusing on group interactions and societal trends. Key figures in sociology include Auguste Comte, who coined the term, and Karl Marx, who emphasized social conflict and class struggles. The document also highlights contemporary sociological projects addressing youth issues in Pakistan, such as social media influence, cultural identity, and mental health awareness.

Uploaded by

muhammad.ali.shehzad22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of social


behavior and human groups
What is Sociology ?
• Sociology is the study of groups and group interactions,
societies and social interactions

• A group is any collection of at least two people who interact


with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned
identity

• A society is a group of people who live in a defined geographic


area who interact and share a common culture

• Culture refers to the group’s shared practices, values, and


beliefs
What is Sociology ?

Sociologists study small groups and individual interactions from

the micro-level and trends among and between large groups and

societies on the macro-level


What is Sociology, continued (1)

• All sociologists are interested in the experiences of …….

Cultural patterns and social forces put pressure on people to


select one choice over another

• Sociologists study social facts that are aspects of social life


shaping a person’s behavior and can include laws, morals,
values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and cultural
rules that govern social life
What is Sociology, continued (2)

• Sociologists might also study the consequences of new patterns

such as the ways children are affected by them or changing needs for

education, housing, and healthcare

• Part of the sociological imagination is that the individual and

society are inseparable and must be studied together


The Development of

Sociology Field
The Development of Sociology

• Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857),


coined the term sociology - French

• Comte believed that society developed in stages:


• Theological stage where people took religious views of
society
• Metaphysical stage where people understood society as
natural
• Scientific or positivist stage where society is governed by
reliable knowledge understood in light of scientific
knowledge (mainly sociology)

• Comte’s lasting contribution to sociology has been his


classification of sciences.
Harriet Martineau
Harriet Martineau (1802 – 1876) was a writer who addressed a
wide range of social science issues

• She was an early observer of social practices, including


economics, social class, religion, suicide, government, and
women’s rights

• She also translated Comte’s writing from French to English and


introduced sociology to English-speaking scholars

• She pointed out the faults with the free enterprise system in
which workers were exploited and impoverished while business
owners became wealthy

• Martineau was often disregarded in her own time by the male


Karl Marx (1818 - 1883): German philosopher and
economist…

• Marx rejected Comte’s positivism, believing societies grew and


changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over
the means of production

• Marx predicted that inequalities of capitalism would become so extreme


that workers would eventually revolt and result in the collapse of
capitalism and rise of communism - (Economic Systems around the world?)

• Marx’s idea that social conflict leads to change in society remains a


major theory used in modern sociology.
Basic - Economic
Systems
around the World
Economic Systems
around the World
Émile Durkheim - (1858 – 1917)

Helped establish sociology as a formal academic disciple

Max Weber (1864 – 1920) - German Sociologist

Wrote on many sociological topics: Prominent contribution ….

..influence of culture on human behavior had to be taken into account


American Theorists and Practitioners

• Thorstein Veblen (1857 – 1929): studied


various classes and differences in
employment status

• Jane Addams (1860-1935): founded that ..


social and educational programs; helped
sociological research on child labor, health
care, immigration, and more.

• Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929):


coined the idea of the “looking-glass self”
as we perceive ourselves how we think others
see us
Sociology
Project
Sociology Subject Project

• Cultural patterns and social forces put pressure on us to select one

choice over another…

• Sociologist study the consequences of new patterns in society ….


Sociology Subject Project –
Sociology project topics, focusing on youth in Pakistan and their contemporary
concerns:
• Social Media and Youth Identity in Pakistan

• Cultural Identity Crisis: Tradition vs. Western Influence

• Changing Marriage Preferences Among Pakistani Youth

• Parental Pressure vs. Career Aspirations

• Mental Health Stigma and Awareness in Pakistani Society


How young people perceive and address mental health, and the role of social media in raising awareness.
Sociology Subject Project - Sociology project topics,
focusing on youth (ages 20–30) in Pakistan and their contemporary concerns:

• Political Awareness and Digital Activism

• The Rise of Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan

• The Brain Drain Phenomenon

• YouTube, TikTok, and Digital Careers

• Youth and Consumerism: The Fast Fashion Obsession


Sociology Subject Project - Sociology project topics,
focusing on youth (ages 20–30) in Pakistan and their contemporary concerns:

• Freelancing and the Gig Economy in Pakistan

• Religious Beliefs and Modern Lifestyles – How young Pakistanis


balance Islamic values with modern lifestyles, social media, and global influences.

• The Influence of Turkish Dramas on Pakistani Youth – How


shows like Ertugrul and Kuruluş Osman impact cultural values, nationalism, and relationships.

• Financial Independence and Economic Struggles

• The Role of Sports and Fitness Culture

• Youth Perspectives on Gender Equality in Pakistan


Sociology Subject Project - Sociology project topics,
focusing on youth (ages 20–30) in Pakistan and their contemporary concerns:

• ABC

• ABC

• ABC
Thank You

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