PRINCIPLES OF

MEDICAL
LABORATORY
SCIENCE I
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INVENTOR
Y BY DAY
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 MEDIEVAL EUROPE
UROSCOPY (WATER CASTING) –
UTILIZES THE WHEEL DIAGRAM
Not everyone thought this was a good idea: Isaac
Judaeus, author of one of the most authoritative uroscopy
treatises, criticised “fools who would base prophecies on
it, without seeing the patient, and determine what
disease is present, and whether the patient will die, and
other foolishness”

EMINENT PARISIAN PHYSICIAN

Guillaume (d. 1410). •partly motivated by a desire to
examined a sample, andHeconfidently avoid such humiliation, university-
Boucher
announced that it belonged to a man with educated physicians
stomach problems. The couriers burst •increasingly argued that bedside
out laughing, because it was produced medicine was the best form of
by a woman. s. treatment: it allowed the
practitioner to conduct a physical
examination (considering other
important signs, such as pulse,
and scrutinising other excreta,
such as sweat and faeces) and to
interrogate the patient about his
symptoms.
 According to Giles of Corbeil’s influential
treatise,
- pure and unclotted blood in the urine
indicated a problem with the kidneys, especially
if it was accompanied by pain

- “lividity coupled with minute, distinct particles

consistently indicates respiratory trouble”
- gout was revealed by “tiny white flecks”
- The Trotula, an influential compendium of women’s
medicine, recommended that both husband and wife
should urinate in a
 According to The Dome of Uryne (a widely
circulated Middle English compendium of
uroscopic texts), it was possible to know whether
a woman had conceived immediately after
intercourse:
- if her urine was clear, then she was
pregnant,
- and if it was thick, she was not.

- A few months on, the sex of the child could be

determined
by the cloudiness of the mother’s urine,
Urine could be used to uncover an individual’s sexual
history.
-The water of a “constant virgin” would be “wan
and extremely calm”, and passed in a slow, delicate
fashion because the passages of the womb and vulva
were narrow.
-On the other hand, “Thick urine of a woman
declares her to be corrupt”.
-Men’s urine could be equally revealing, as seed in
the bottom of the flask proved that the provider recently
had sex.
-In the mid-twelfth century, shortly after taking his
third wife, Ralph, Count of Vermandois, became seriously
 MEDIEVAL
LABORATORY
PRACTICE
(16TH – 18TH
CENTURY)
René-Théophile-
Hyacinthe
-
Laennec
(February 17, 1781 -
August 13, 1826), French,
physician, father of
modern pulmonary
disease research, inventor
of the stethoscope.
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History
of the
Ophthalmosco
pe
-
 MEDIEVAL
PERIOD
- turning point in the fi eld of laboratory medicine
- advancements in technology were made
- developed new scientifi c methods
- discovered disease
causing-organisms

ZACHARIAS JANSSEN – Dutch spectacle-

maker
- microscope with 9x
magnifi cation

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK – Dutch draper

and scientist
- improved
magnifi cation to
 SCIENTIST PROFESSION CONTRIBUTION

ATHANASIUS KIRCHER Jesuit priest Used the microscope

to investigate the
causes of diseases
ROBERT HOOKE English philosopher, Published the
architect and polymath MICROGRAPHIA which
featured illustrations
of his observation
using a microscope
MARCELO MALPHIGHI Italian microscopist Investigated the
Founder of Pathology embryology of chicks
and the histology
and physiology of the
glands and viscera
 SCIENTIST PROFESSION CONTRIBUTION

JEAN BAPTISTE Belgian mystic Developed the

VAN HELMONT gravimetric analysis
of urine

FREDERICK DEKKERS Medical Doctor Described the

protein in urine

RICHARD LOWER English physiologist Performed the first

blood
transfusion in humans
 SCIENTIST PROFESSION CONTRIBUTION

WILIAM HEWSON English physiologist Described the

process of
coagulation

FRANCIS HOME Medical director Developed the yeast

test
for sugar in diabetics

MATTHEW DOBSON Medical director Identified sugar in

the blood and
urine of diabetics
 RUDOLF LUDWIG CARL VIRCHOW (1821-
1902)
-FATHER
- works OF
on MODERN PATHOLOGY
Cell Theory (but not given credit for it)

HERMAN VON FEHLING

-Fehling’s test – quantitative test for the presence
of reducing sugar in urine (brick red turbid solution)
Fehling’s test is a chemical test used to differentiate between reducing and non-reducing sugars.
This test can also be used to distinguish ketone functional group carbohydrates and water-soluble
carbohydrates.

Objectives of Fehling’s Test

To detect the presence of carbohydrates in a solution.
To differentiate between reducing and non-reducing sugars.

Examples of common reducing sugars include glucose, lactose, and maltose. On the other hand, Non-
reducing sugars lack a free aldehyde or ketone group and, therefore, cannot reduce other substances. They
 THE BIRTH OF CLINICAL LABORATORY
(1800)
DR. WILLIAM OCAM – process of collecting evidence
(history taking)
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN – first chemistry laboratory
Dr. Silas Douglas – pioneered the 1st chemical
laboratory instruction in 1884
DR. WILLIAM HENRY WELCH (1878) – established
another laboratory at Bellevue Medical College (first
laboratory course in Pathology offered in American
School
- first professor in Pathology at John Hopkins
 SIR JOHN SCOTT BURDEN-SANDERSON (1885)
-laboratory methods in the practice of
Medicine
-Laboratory animals for experimentation

JOHN HOPKINS HOSPITAL (1896)

-first clinical laboratory
-DR. SIMON FLEXNER –first Pathologist in the
hospital

DR. JAMES C. TODD (1908)

-publication of LABORATORY GUIDE MANUAL
-Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods (Dr.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
– one of the first schools to train Medical Laboratory workers

1922-1923 – degree in Medical Technology for Clinical

and Laboratory Technicians
1940 – 2 year collegiate education and a 12-moth training in
the laboratory
1950 – Bachelor of Science Degree was standardized
Beginning of the Practice
of Medical Technology
in the
Philippines (19th
Century)
 PHYSICIANS FROM ASIA, AMERICAS AND
EUROPE WENT TO GERMANY AND FRANCE TO
OBTAIN FORMAL TRAINING AND RETURNED TO
HOME COUNTRIES TO SHARE TECHNIQUES
LEARNED
The Spanish era has already ended in the Philippines and the
ceded to the Americans. During the Spanish era, the University
of Santo Tomas offered courses in medicine and other natural
sciences courses, education was lagging behind in the medical
science simply because the Spanish colonial administration
viewed medical practices and anything that pertained to such
as “materialistic and impious studies.” By the time the American
occupation began, medical practices from the West were
introduced in the Philippines.
- malaria and cholera were prevalent = army surgeons
 PHYSICIANS FROM ASIA, AMERICAS AND EUROPE WENT
TO GERMANY AND FRANCE TO OBTAIN FORMAL
TRAINING AND RETURNED TO HOME COUNTRIES TO
SHARE TECHNIQUES LEARNED

Typhoid epidemic that occurred in 1898 was a way for

scientists to further understand disease causation and
developed new approaches in terms of isolation, diagnosis
and control.
-Amidst these developments, the Filipinos did not have
any training and skills needed to perform laboratory work.
-It was not until the war broke that army surgeons of the
26th Medical Infantry of the 6TH us Army began training Filipinos
in the laboratory work which spanned 46 years from the time
 NAME DURATION OF SERVICE
Lt. Jere 1899-1900
Clayton Lt.
Richard Strong
Contract
Surgeon
Joseph Curry
Lt. Strong 1900-1902
LT. William Calvert
Contract Surgeon
Curry
Cpt. Perry Ashburn March-December 1906
Lt. Charles Craig
Capt. James December 1906-July 1909
Phalen Lt.
Henry Nichols
Capt. Edwin Kilbourne July 1909 – January 1910
Maj. Weston January – March 1910
 TWO IMPORTANT EVENTS TRIGGERED THE START OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES
WHICH EVENTUALLY PROVIDED THE OPPORTUNITY
FOR FILIPINOS TO BE TRAINED IN THE LABORATORY
WORK.
1. The opening of the Suez Canal facilitated the
dissemination of information from the West to
the East
2. Because of the outbreak of World War II – American
Soldiers who were based in the Philippines
trained Filipinos in the routine laboratory
techniques
Medical Technology in the Philippines
- 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th United
States Army
(208) Quiricada St. St. Cruz, Manila – first PH
lab
DR. ALFREDO PIO DE RODA
- well-known Bacteriologist
- preserved the Manila Public Health
Laboratory
DR. MARIANO C. ICASIANO (City Health Officer)
- Manila Public Health Laboratory (Oct 1,
Medical Technology in the Philippines
- 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th United
States Army
(208) Quiricada St. St. Cruz, Manila – first PH
lab
DR. ALFREDO PIO DE RODA
- well-known Bacteriologist
- preserved the Manila Public Health
Laboratory
DR. MARIANO C. ICASIANO (City Health Officer)
- Manila Public Health Laboratory (Oct 1,
DR. PRUDENCIA STA. ANA
- began the training of Medical Technician in Feb 1947
-the creation of Syllabus (1954)=a formal
6months training and a certificate of
completion
WILLA HILGERT-HEDRICK
- founder of the Medical Technology
education in the Philippines
-prepared the course curriculum
-Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (currently called
Manila Adventist Medical Center) establishing the first
complete laboratory in the Philippines
-with the help of DR. REUBEN G. MANALAYSAY, DR.
MANUEL L. CAREON and REV. MERITT C. WARREN
-ANTOINETTE MCKELVEY =helped resolved their trouble
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
- Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (Manila
Adventist Medical Center)
- Philippine Union College (Adventist University of
the Phils)
- 4 year Medical Technology Course
- MT school with five-year curriculum leading to the degree of BS
in MT was approved by Bureau of Education in 1954

DR. JESSE UMALI

- first graduate of MT at the Phil Union College (March 1955)
- followed by AVELINO OLIVA and ADORACION YUTUC (1955
summer)

THE MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS
-DR, ANTONIO GABRIEL and GUSTAVO U. REYES
- under the College of Pharmacy (elective)
- June 30, 1960 = 1st year Medical Technology course was
approved by DepEd
- June 12, 1961 – internship program for 4th year was approved
CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY
-MRS. PURIFICACION SUNICO-SUACO UNICO HIJO = feasibility of
offering a Medical Technology course
=Dean of School and their first graduate was on 1962
FAR EAST UNIVERSITY (1961)
- DR. HORACIO A. YLAGAN and DR. SERAGIN J. JULIANO
-1963 first graduate
91 universities and colleges offered BSMT/BSMLS course
POST GRADUATE STUDIES OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
-CEU
- PWU
-TUA
- Lyceum of the Philippines University (LPU)-
COE
- St. Louis University (SLU) – COD
- Angeles University Foundation (AUF)
- Cebu Doctors University
- UST – COE
 PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY (PAMET)
-National organization of all registered Medical Technologists
-MR. CRISANTO GOMEZ ALMARIO = Father of PAMET
-the need to standardize the profession and increase the moral
of the MT and MLS
- September 15, 1963 at the Public Health Laboratory
(10am) birthday of PAMET
-September 20, 1964 at the Conference Hall FEU
Hospital first national convention
- CHARLEMAGNE TAMONDONG = elected 1st PAMET
President
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY
ANTONIE van LEEUWENHOEK- father of microbiology; known for his
work on the improvement of the microscope (1660)
EDWARD JENNER – discovered vaccination to establish immunity to
small pox; impact of contribution: IMMUNOLOGY (1796)
MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER BICHAT – identified organs by their types of
tissues; impact of contribution : HISTOLOGY (1880)
AGOSTINO BASSI – produced disease in worms by injection of organic
material – the beginning og bacteriology (1835)
LOUIS PASTEUR – successfully produced immunity to rabies (1857)
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY
GREGOR MENDEL – enunciated his law of inherited characteristics
from studies on plants (1866)
JOSEPH LISTER – demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by
airborne infections (1870)
ROBERT KOCH – presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax) and
later tubercle bacilli (1877)
ELIE METCHNIKOFF – described phagocyte in blood in their role in
fighting infection (1886)
ERNST von BERGMANN – introduced steam sterilization in surgery
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY
KARL LANDSTEINER – distinguished blood groups through the
development of the ABO blood group system (1902)
AUGUST von WASSERMANN – developed immunologic tests for
syphilis (1906)
HOWARD RICKETTS – discovered microorganisms whose range lies
between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae (1906)
HANS FISCHER – worked out the structure of hemoglobin (1929)
JONAS SALK – developed poliomyelitis vaccine (1954)
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY
JAMES WESTGARD – introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control
in the clinical laboratory (1973)
BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG – introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine
(1980)
KARY MULLIS – developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
(1985)
ANDRE van STEIRTEGHEM – introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm
injection (IVF)
JAMES THOMPSON – derived the first human Stem Cell line
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY
JAMES WESTGARD – introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control
in the clinical laboratory (1973)
BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG – introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine
(1980)
KARY MULLIS – developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
(1985)
ANDRE van STEIRTEGHEM – introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm
injection (IVF)
JAMES THOMPSON – derived the first human Stem Cell line
THANK
YOU