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MISS AQSA FAYYAZ

LECTURER- PSYCHOLOGY
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
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LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Understanding the definition and nature of Motivation.

• Types of motivation
• Theories of motivation
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MOTIVATION
Many people know motivation as a driving force /Reasoning behind an
action.

The term ‘motivation’ is derived from the word ‘motive ’.

Motive may be defined as needs, wants, drives within the individual

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A motivation is a condition that energizes behavior and gives it
direction.

Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-

oriented behaviors. It is what causes you to act, whether it is getting a
glass of water (goal) to reduce thirst (drive) or reading a book to gain
knowledge.
NATURE OF MOTIVATION
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 Based on motives
 Goal directed behavior
 Related to satisfaction
TYPES OF MOTIVATION “
1. Extrinsic motivations is reward-driven behavior. A desire to perform a behavior
to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment
Examples are:
• competing in sports for trophies.
• completing work for money.
• customer loyalty discounts.
• buy one, get one free sales.
• Helping other because you hope for praise.
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2. Intrinsic motivations: are those that arise from within the individual OR
A desire to perform a behavior originates within the individual
For example:
◦ Doing a complicated cross-word puzzle purely for
the personal gratification of solving a problem.
◦ Learning new language because you like
experiencing new things.
◦ Taking on more responsibility at work because
you enjoy being challenged & feeling
accomplished.
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○ Motivation is a complex phenomenon
influenced by various factors.
However, three key components that are
often identified in motivational theories
are,
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directed behavior. “
Arnold et al (1991): How individuals engage in goal-

1. Activation: refers to the initiation or start of a

behavior. It involves the decision to begin a specific
task or activity. It involves the arousal of
enthusiasm, interest, or excitement towards
achieving a desired outcome.
Example: A student becoming interested in biology
after a captivating class discussion on genetics.
Or
A student deciding to start working on a challenging
assignment rather than procrastinating
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2. Persistence: it is the sustained effort
and determination to continue a behavior
or activity over time, despite obstacles,
setbacks, or difficulties. High levels of
persistence are often associated with
strong motivation.
Example: An athlete continuing to train
regularly even when faced with injuries or
decline in performance
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3. Intensity: is the level of effort and concentration an individual
puts into a task or activity.
It reflects the degree of energy invested in pursuing a goal.

Example: An entrepreneur investing long hours and intense focus

into launching a new business venture driven by passion and
determination.
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
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• Drive Reduction Theories
• Humanistic theories
DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY “
Developed by Clark L. Hull, the Drive-Reduction Theory states that
the reduction of drives is the primary force behind motivation.
when an organism has a need (such as hunger), the need leads to
psychological tension that motivates the organism to act, fulfilling
the needs and reducing the tension.
Example:
When we're cold, we put on a sweater to address our need for
warmth and maintain our body temperature.
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Humanistic Theory –
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs:
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○ Maslow’s model places motivational
needs in a hierarchy and suggests
that before more sophisticated,
higher-order needs can be met,
certain primary needs must be
satisfied
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○ The basic needs are primary drives: needs for water, food, sleep
etc.
○ To move up the hierarchy, a person must first meet these basic
physiological needs.
○ Safety needs come next in the hierarchy; Maslow suggests that
people need a safe, secure environment in order to function
effectively. Physiological and safety needs compose the lower-
order needs.
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○ Only after meeting the basic lower-order needs can a person
consider fulfilling Higher order needs, such as the needs for
love and a sense of belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
○ Love and belongingness needs include the needs to obtain and
give affection and to be a contributing member of some group
or society.
○ After fulfilling these needs, a person strives for esteem.
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In Maslow’s thinking, esteem relates to the need to develop a sense of self-
worth by recognizing that others know and value one’s competence.
○ Once these four sets of needs are fulfilled—no easy task—a person is able to
strive for the highest-level need, self-actualization.
○ Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in
which people realize their highest potentials in their
own unique way.
 Tips For Finding Motivation “
 Adjust your goals to focus on things that really matter to you
 If you're tackling something that is just too big or too
overwhelming, break it up into smaller steps and try setting
your sights on achieving that first step toward progress
 Remind yourself about what you achieved in the past and
what/ where your strengths lie
 If there are things you feel insecure about, try working on
making improvements in those areas so that you feel more
skilled and capable.