SETS AND

OPERATIONS
Subject : Quantative Reasoning

Submitted to :
Mr. Hassaan Saram
PRESENTED BY :

1.Muhammad Hasnain Raza

2.Saad Hamid Ali
3.Muhammad Tayyab
4.Bilal Nadeem
5.Ar. Rayyan Khalid
6.Hasaan Ayub
7.Abdullah Nasir
8.Ehtisham
9.Saifullah Shafique
10.Uzair Ali Shah
 Definition Of Set

•A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.

•These objects within a set are called elements or members.

•EXAMPLE:

A={1,2,3,4} ,
B={ABBOTTAB,HARIPUR,ISLAMABAD}
TYPES OF SETS:

1. Empty Set Or (Null Set) :

A set containing no elements.

Denoted by {} or ∅.

•Example:
• The set of all unicorns.
• The set of all even prime numbers greater than 2.

2. Finite Set:

A set with a limited, countable number of elements.

Example:
• {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
• The set of all days in a week
3. Infinite Set :

A set with an unlimited, uncountable number of elements.

Example:

•The set of all natural numbers (1, 2, 3, ...)

•The set of all real numbers.

4. Singleton Set:

A set containing only one element.

Example:

•{7}
•The set of all even prime numbers.
5. Equal Sets :

Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements, regardless
of the order.

Example:

{1, 2, 3} and {3, 2, 1} are equal sets.

6. Equivalent Sets:

Two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of elements, even if
the elements themselves are different.

Example:

{1, 2, 3} and {a, b, c} are equivalent sets.

7. Universal Set :

•A set that contains all elements under consideration in a particular context.

•Denoted by U.

Example:

If discussing numbers, the universal set might be the set of all real numbers.

U = {1,2,3,…….,10}

8. Power Set :

The set of all possible subsets of a given set.

Denoted by P(A) for set A.

Example:

If A = {1, 2}, then P(A) = { {}, {1}, {2}, {1, 2} }.

 OPERATIONS ON SETS
Set Operations :

Set operations are ways to combine or modify sets to create new sets. Here are the most
common ones:

1. Union (∪) :

Definition:
The union of two sets, A and B, is the set of all elements that are in A or in B
or in both.
Symbol: A ∪ B

Example :

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5},

Then,
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3} ∪ {3,4,5}
A ∪ B = {1,2,3,4,5}
2. Intersection (∩) :

Definition:

The intersection of two sets, A and B, is the set of all elements that are in
both A and B.

Symbol: A ∩ B

Example:

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5},

Then,
A ∩ B = {1,2,3} ∩ {3,4,5}
A ∩ B = {3}
3. Difference (-) :

Definition:

The difference of two sets, A and B, is the set of all elements that are in A
but not in B.

Symbol: A – B

Example:

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5},

Then,
A - B = {1, 2,3} – {3,4,5}
A - B = {1,2}
4. Complement (‘) :

Definition:

The complement of a set A (with respect to a universal set U) is the set of all
elements in U that are not in A.

Symbol: A' or Aᶜ

Example:

If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…….,10} and A = {1, 2, 3},

Then,
A’ = U-A
A' = {1,2,3,4,……..,10} – {1,2,3}
A’ = {4,5,6,…10}
5. Symmetric Difference (Δ) :

Definition:

The symmetric difference of sets A and B (A Δ B) is the set of elements that are
in either A or B, but not in both.

Formula: A Δ B = (A - B) ∪ (B - A)

Example:

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4},

Then,
A Δ B = (A - B) ∪ (B - A)
First we find,
A-B = {1, 2, 3} - {2, 3, 4}
A-B = {1,4}
Now,
B-A = {2, 3, 4} - {1, 2, 3}
B-A = {1,4}
A Δ B = {1,4} ∪ {1,4}
A Δ B = {1,4}
 Venn Diagrams
A Venn diagram is a visual representation of the relationships between different sets. It uses overlapping
circles or other shapes to show the commonalities and differences between these sets.

Basic Structure

Circles: Each circle represents a set.

Overlapping Regions: The overlapping areas of the circles represent the elements that are common to
both sets (intersection).

Non-overlapping Regions: The areas outside the overlap represent elements unique to each set.
1. Union (∪) :

Definition:

The union of two sets, A and B (denoted as A ∪ B), is the set of all elements that belong to
either A or B, or both.

Venn Diagram: In a Venn diagram, the union is represented by the entire shaded area of
both circles.

Venn diagram for union of sets A and B

•Example:

•If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

2. Intersection (∩) :

Definition:

The intersection of two sets, A and B (denoted as A ∩ B), is the set of all elements that are common to

Venn Diagram:

In a Venn diagram, the intersection is represented by the overlapping region of the two circles.
Venn diagram for intersection of sets A and B

Example:

•If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A ∩ B = {3}

1 4
3
2 5

A B
Complement (‘) :

Definition:

The complement of a set A (denoted as A') is the set of all elements that are not in A, within a given
universal set.

Venn Diagram: In a Venn diagram, the complement of A is represented by the shaded region outside
of circle A.

Venn diagram for complement of set A

Example:

If the universal set U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A = {1, 2, 3}, then A' = {4, 5}

1
2
3

A
 Properties of Sets
Sets, as fundamental mathematical entities, exhibit several key properties that govern
their behavior and interactions:

1. Commutative Property :

Union: A ∪ B = B ∪ A (The order of union doesn't matter)

Intersection: A ∩ B = B ∩ A (The order of intersection doesn't matter)

2. Associative Property :

Union: (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) (Grouping of unions doesn't affect the result)

Intersection: (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C) (Grouping of intersections doesn't affect the
result)

3. Distributive Property :

Union over Intersection: A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)

Intersection over Union: A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
4. Identity Property :

Union: A ∪ ∅ = A (Union with the empty set yields the original set)
Intersection: A ∩ U = A (Intersection with the universal set yields the
original set)

5. Complement Property :

A ∪ A' = U (A union its complement equals the universal set)

A ∩ A' = ∅ (A intersection its complement equals the empty set)

6. De Morgan's Laws

(A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B’
(A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B’

7. Idempotent Property

A∪A=A
A∩A=A

8. Double Complement Law

(A')' = A
De Morgan's Laws:

De Morgan's Laws are a pair of rules that relate the union and intersection of sets to their
complements
.
1. First Law:

Statement: (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B’

This means that the complement of the union of sets A and B is equal to the intersection of the
complements of A and B.

Example:

Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Let A = {1, 2}
Let B = {2, 3}
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3}
(A ∪ B)' = {4, 5}
A' = {3, 4, 5}
B' = {1, 4, 5}
A' ∩ B' = {4, 5}
As you can see, (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B' holds true in this example.
2. Second Law:

Statement:

(A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B’

This means that the complement of the intersection of sets A and B is equal to the
union of the complements of 1 A and B.

Example:

Using the same sets as above:

A ∩ B = {2}
(A ∩ B)' = {1, 3, 4, 5}
A' = {3, 4, 5}
B' = {1, 4, 5}
A' ∪ B' = {1, 3, 4, 5}
Again, (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B' holds true.
THANKS FOR WATCHING