IMRaD

Format
(METHODS)
 METHODOLOGY
• The second part of IMRaD format used in writing a
research paper is METHODS or METHODOLOGY.
• more than procedure intended to gather data. It
includes considerations of the concepts and
theories behind these methods.
• Every step must be clearly explained and justified
with reasons why that particular method &
material were used (Gregorio, 2016).
• It is actually the Part C of your Research Plan
(Procedure) written in paragraph form and use past
tense of verb once the experiment is already done.
 METHODOLOGY
• Technically, a good research paper must have
the following characteristics (Gregorio, 2016):
• Accuracy
• Simplicity
• Coherence
• Consistency
• Conciseness
• Clarity
Let’s Probe and Scan

• Examine the pictures below which show the

procedure of a certain study conducted by some
Grade 10 learners of Mambusao National
High School. Identify the process (write it in the
space provided below the picture) and arrange it
in chronological order by writing number in a box.
 Let’s Probe and Scan

2 •a 1

6 4

3 5
Let’s Probe and Scan

• What do you think is the

experimental study or research study
of some Grade 10 learners of
Mambusao National High School?
Experimental Methods
• Experimental treatments. The study was conducted with four
treatments namely:
• Treatment A – Saw Dust,
• Treatment B – Coco Dust,
• Treatment C – Paper,
• Treatment D – Rice Bran,
• positive control - Commercial Fertilizer (14-14-14) and
• negative control - without application
 Experimental Methods
• replicated three times with three experimental pots
for each replication. A total of nine pots per treatment
and 54 experimental pots under study. Experimental
Design.
• The experimental treatments were arranged in the
experimental area in a Completely Randomized Design
(CRD).
Statistical Data Analysis Procedure
• The data collected from this study were
analyzed using means.
• Differences among means were subjected to
the analysis of variance using F-test for
Completely Randomized Design and the
results were interpreted at 5% level of
significance.
Statistical Data Analysis Procedure
• Significant differences among the factors
under study were determined using
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
• Data were analyzed using the Star
Nebula Software (IRRI, 2017).
 Break it Away
• 1. What guidelines in writing methodology of research paper is evident?
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• 2. What sub-part/s of methodology is given in the above sample?
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 METHODS
• Methods deals with the following details of the
methodology:
• a. Materials and equipment
• Exact technical specification of materials used must be
indicated.
• Quantities of materials used must be cited.
• In naming the materials, avoid trade names, generic or
chemical names (small caps) is preferred.
• Method of preparation must be included.
 METHODS
• For the equipment,
• Details of the equipment manufacturer,
calibration criteria and recording settings
should be specified.
• All the procedures used and replicable
techniques implemented must be detailed.
 METHODS
b. Study group (animals, subjects or patients, experimental
animals or microorganisms)
• Genus, species, or strain designations of study groups should
be identified accurately.
• Sources of study groups should be also listed.
• Its special characteristics such as age, gender must be
specified.
• Genetic and physiological status of study group must be
described.
 METHODS
c. Participants/subjects/samples – also called research or study
participant or subject are person who participates and
responds in research by being the target of observation and
source of data.
• Consider some socio-demographic characteristics like age,
gender, educational attainment, economic status and the
like.
Other Important Guidelines in Writing Methodology
• Describe in logical sequence how the study was designed and carried
out.
• Procedures or techniques used in earlier studies should be cited
properly. It shall provide sufficient detail for the replicable procedure
• State the exact form of treatment used to allow replication which
would lead to a reproducible results if scientifically valuable.
• Describe precisely the experimental design. Research design should
be described briefly and concisely.
• Statistical analysis along with the confidence intervals should be
specified. Statistical software along with its version used for data
analysis must be cited.
 METHODS
• Declare if research on animals and humans is approved or not by
the Institutional Ethical Committee. Specify if written informed
consent was carried out in studies involving human volunteers.
• Details of the ethical approval should be quoted. Cite the protocol
including the basis of exclusion and inclusion of the subjects in the
study.
• Uncommon/ unique methods should be described fully and cited
properly. Further information on methods, devices, or techniques
widely known/found in standard textbooks is unnecessary.
• Consistency for this section and the results section is essential to
grasp quickly the relationship.
 Application
• Now that you have learned the different guidelines and
standards in writing the methodology of a research paper
and you had also evaluated your write-ups. Now, enhance
the methodology of your research paper by making sure that
all the guidelines and standards are evident. Then submit it
to your teacher online.
 Things to Ponder
• Why is it important to follow the guidelines and
standards in writing the methodology of a research
paper? Will the methods affect the validity and
reliability of the entire research work? Elaborate your
answers.
 Reinforcement & Enrichment
• How will you write a good, articulated, enhanced, and
scientific-based methodology of your chosen research
work?
POST TEST
 Reinforcement & Enrichment
1. In writing methodology, details of materials
and equipment must be specified which
include…
A. Product manufacturer
B. Equipment calibration
C. Quantities of materials used
D. All of the above
 Reinforcement & Enrichment
2. Paul wanted to use adult mosquitoes as his experimental
organism. What details of adult mosquito should he consider?
A. Genus, species, strain, sources, genetics and physiology of
mosquito.
B. Genus, species, strain, age, gender, genetics and
physiology of mosquito.
C. Genus, species, strain, age, sources, genetics and
physiology of mosquito.
D. Genus, species, strain, age, gender, sources, genetics and
physiology of mosquito.
 Reinforcement & Enrichment
3. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. Citation is not necessary in writing materials and methods.
B. Do not pay attention to the sources of the experimental
animals/organisms.
C. In naming some of the materials, use trade names instead
of generic or chemical name.
D. In writing materials and methods, describe only the
uncommon technique excluding the common
method/technique.
 Reinforcement & Enrichment
4. A researcher will use human as his research participant.
What protocol must he follow?
A. Declare if research on humans is approved or not by the
Institutional Ethical Committee.
B. Specify if written informed consent was carried out in
studies involving human volunteers.
C. Involve all those whom you wish to be a research
participants regardless of their consent.
D. A and B is correct
 Reinforcement & Enrichment
5. In a method: Application of formulated soil ameliorant After two
weeks, 400g of bokashi using various substrates were applied in each
designated pot at soil depth of 11 cm using a small trowel. To help
speed the final decomposition process, soil was mixed with bokashi.
What guideline is evident in a sample method?
A. Research design is mentioned.
B. Quantities of materials is specified.
C. Statistical analysis along with the confidence intervals is
specified.
D. Written informed consent was carried out since it involved
human volunteers.