Subject Name: Operation Research

Unit-6
Network Analysis
Critical Path Method (CPM)
Project Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT)

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

Roof A 35
Floors B 20 C D

Foundation C 10
Pillars D 12
Walls E 24
Electricity fittings F 10
Sainitry Fittings G 8
Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education
Subject Name: Operation Research

Rules of Network Construction

1. Each activity is represented by a straight line arrow, which is connected with two circles
known as events. Tail events represent start while head events represent end of activities.

Tail event Head event

A
1 2

All activities are identified with alphabets or numbers for example we can call the above
activity as Activity A or Activity 1-2 and Events are identified with numbers. Activities
are represented by their starting and ending events
Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education
Subject Name: Operation Research

2. Any no. of activities can start from one event and any no. of activities can merge at one event.

A D

B E

C F

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

3. Two activities starting from one event, can not merge at one event.

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

For such situations we use dummy activity, which is represented by a dotted line arrow.

Dummy

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

4. Arrow direction indicates general progression in time Hence the direction of an activity is
always forwarding never backward.

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

5. A network should have only one initial and one final node/Event.

This is wrong because there are 2 starting and 3 end events.

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

6. An activity can begin only when all its predecessors are done
7. Length and bearing of arrows is of no consequence
8. Introduce as few dummy activities as may be necessary
9. Looping is not permitted
10. There should not be any unidentified activity in a network.
11. Each activity can be represented only once in the network diagram.

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

Activity Predecessor

A -

B A

C A

D B,C

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research
Activity Predecessor Dummy is required as B and C which needs to be
A - finished at one point are coming from same Event.
B A In this case Dummy can be either from B to C or C to B
C A
D B,C
B
Dummy
A D
C
Here dummy is going from B to C

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research
Activity Predecessor Dummy is required as B and C which needs to be
A - finished at one point are coming from same Event.
B A
C A D
D B,C
B

A Dummy
C
Here dummy is going from C to B

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

Activity Predecessor

A -

B -

C A

D B

E C, D

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

 Subject Name: Operation Research
Activity Predecessor
A - No Dummy is required as C and D which needs to be
B -
finished at one point are coming from different Events.
C A
D B
E C, D
C
A
E
B D

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

Activity Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B
E C
F C, D

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

 Subject Name: Operation Research
Activity Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B
E C C E
F C, D

F
B D

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

Activity Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B
E C, D
F D

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

 Subject Name: Operation Research
Activity Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B C
E C, D
F D E

D F
B

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research
“NETWORK
ANALYSIS”
Q.
From the Table given below:
1. Draw Network, Calculate Critical path,
Expected Project completion time & all floats.

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research
immediate Activity
Activity
predecessor Duration
A - 4
B - 6
C - 13
D A 5
E A 15
F B,D 10
G B,D 6
H C,F 16
I E 10
Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education
Subject Name: Operation Research

ANSWER...
2 5
E
4 4 15 19 25
A I
D
5 10
4
1 6
3 G
B 9
0 0 6 6 35 35
9 9
F
H
10
C
13 16
4
19 19

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

1-2-5-6 29
1-3-6 12
1-4-6 29
1-2-3-6 15
1-3-4-6 32
1-2-3-4-6 35 Critical
Path
Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education
Subject Name: Operation Research

A E1 = 0
W S E2 = E1 + t12 = 0 + 4 = 4
R
FO PAS E3 = E1 + t13 = 0 + 6 = 6
R D E3 = 9
or = E2 + t23 = 4 + 5 = 9 (max)

E4 = E1 + t14= 0 + 13 = 13 or = E3 + t34 = 9 + 10 = 19 (max)

E4 = 19

E5 = E2 + t25 = 4 + 15 = 19

E6 = E3 + t36= 9 + 6 = 15 or = E4 + t46 = 19 + 16 = 35 (max) or = E5 + t56 = 19 + 10 =

29
E6 = 35

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

L6 = 35
A L5 = L6 - t56 = 35 – 10 = 25
KW S
C A S
A
B DP
L4 = L6 - t46 = 35 – 16 = 19

L3 = L6 - t36 = 35 – 6 = 29 or = L4 - t34 = 19 – 10 = 9 (min)

R L3 = 9

L2 = L5 - t25 = 25 - 15 = 10 or = L3 – t23 = 9 – 5 = 4 (min)

L2 = 4

L1= L2 - t12 = 4 - 4 = 0 (min) or = L3 - t13 = 9 – 6 = 3 or = L4 - t14 = 19- 13 = 6

L1= 0

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

• Critical Path = 1-2-3-4-6

or
A-D-F-H
• Expected Project Completion Time (Te) = 4+5+10+16
= 35 days

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

2 5
E
4 4 15 19 25

Latest Finish LF
Early Start ES

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

2 5
E

a b 15 c d

Head Slack = d-c

Tail Slack = b-a

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

Activity Duration ES EF LS LF TF HS FF TS IF
A (1-
4 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
2)
B (1-
6 0 6 3 9 3 0 3 0 3
3)
C (1-
13 0 13 6 19 6 0 6 0 6
4)
D (2-
5 4 9 4 9 0 0 0 0 0
3)
E (2-
15 4 19 10 25 6 6 0 0 0
5)
F (3-
Unit 6 Network10
Analysis 9 19 9 19 Centre
0 for 0
Distance0and Online
0 Education
0
4)
Subject Name: Operation Research

FORMULAS:
i. Earliest Finish = Earliest Start + Activity Duration

ii. Latest Start = Latest Finish – Activity Duration

iii. Total Float = Latest Start – Earliest Start OR Total Float = Latest Finish – Earliest
Finish

iv.Free Float = Total Float – Head Slack

v. Independent Float = Free Float – Tail Slack

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education
Subject Name: Operation Research

“NETWORK ANALYSIS”
Q.2
From the Table given below:
1. Calculate the Critical path & Expected Project completion time.
2. Calculate the Probability of completing the project in 41 days.
3. Calculate the schedule time of completion with 95 % probability.

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

Activity Optimistic Time (Days) Most Likely (Days) Pessimistic (Days)

1-2 3 6 15
1-6 2 5 14
2-3 6 12 30
2-4 2 5 8
3-5 5 11 17
4-5 3 6 15
5-8 1 4 7
6-7 3 9 27
7-8 4 19 28
Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education
Subject Name: Operation Research

Activity Optimistic (Days) Most Likely (Days) Pessimistic (Days) te = σ² =

to tm tp
(to+4tm+tp)/6 (tp-to/6)²
1-2 3 6 15 7 4
1-6 2 5 14 6
2-3 6 12 30 14 16
2-4 2 5 8 5
3-5 5 11 17 11 4
4-5 3 6 15 7
5-8 1 4 7 4 1
6-7 3 9 27 11
7-8 4 19 28 18

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research
ANSWER...

2 14 3 11 5
7 7 21 21 32 32

7 5 7 4

1 4 8
0 0 12 25 36 36
6 18

6 11 7
6 7 17 18
Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education
Subject Name: Operation Research

AR E1 = 0

R W S S E2 = E1 + t12 = 0 + 7 = 7

FO PA E3 = E2 + t23 = 7 + 14 = 21

D E4 = E2 + t24= 7 + 5 = 12
E5 = E3 + t35 = 21 + 11 = 32 (max) or = E4 + t45 = 12 + 7 = 19
E5 = 32
E6 = E1 + t16= 0 + 6 = 6
E7= E6 + t67 = 6 + 11 = 17
E8 = E5 + t58= 32 + 4 = 36 (max) or = E7 + t78= 17 + 18 = 35
E8 = 36

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

L8 = 36
A R
KW L7 = L8 - t78 = 36 – 18 = 18
S L6 = L7 - t67 = 18 – 11 = 7
C S
BA PA L5 = L8 – t58 = 36 – 4 = 32
D
L4 = L5-t45 = 32 – 7 = 25
L3 = L5 - t35 = 32 – 11 = 21
L2 = L4 - t24 = 25 - 5 = 20 or = L3 - t23 = 21 - 14 = 7 (min)
L2 = 7
L1= L6 – t16 = 7 - 6 = 1 or = L2 – t12 = 7 – 7 = 0 (min)
L1= 0

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

• Critical Path = 1-2-3-5-8

• Expected Project Completion Time (Te) = 7+14+11+4

= 36 days
• Variance of Critical Activities σ² = (tp-to/6)²

• Standard Deviation of Critical Path σp = √ Sum of Variance of Critical

Activities
= √(4+16+4+1)
=5

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

Ts - Te Where
Z = ------------- Ts=Scheduled Time,
σ Te=Expected Completion Time
41-36 &
Z = ------------- σp =Standard Deviation of critical
5 path

Z = 1.00

Probability = .5 +.3413 = .8413 = 84.13%

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education

Subject Name: Operation Research

Ts-Te
Probability = 95 %,
Z ≤ -------------
Calculate Ts. σp

.95 - .5 = .4500 Ts-36

1.65 = -------------
5
For probability .45,
Ts = 8.25 + 36
value of Z = 1.65
= 44.25 days

Unit 6 Network Analysis Centre for Distance and Online Education