Mathematics in

Modern World
the
Prepared by: Mr. Venerando A.
Instructor
Renegado
 Mathematical Language &
Chapter 2
Symbols
Overview
• Learning Outcome
• Language
• Writing Mathematical Language as an
expression or sentence
• Mathematical Convention
• Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
 Learning
a. classify group of words or symbols as
Outcome: expressions or mathematical
mathematical
sentences;

b. demonstrate understanding of the basic

concepts in sets, functions, and binary operations;
and

c. represent sentences using set notations; and

perform binary operations on sets.
 What is language of
The language of mathematics is the system used by mathematicians to
Mathematics?
communicate mathematical ideas among themselves and is distinct from
natural languages in that it aims to communicate abstract, logical ideas with
precision and unambiguity.

SYMBOLS- Express a formula or to represent a constant.

SYNTAX- To make the expression well-formed to make the characters and
symbols clear and valid that do not violate the the rules.
Mathematics symbols can designate numbers (constants), variables,
operations, functions, brackets, punctuation and grouping to determine
order of operations.
Mathematics
Mathematics

The Language, Symbols,Syntax & Rules of Mathematics

The language of mathematics (wikipedia) makes it easy to express the kinds o:

symbols, syntax and rules that mathematicians like to do and characterized by
the following:
a. precise (able ot make very fine distinctions)
Example. The use of mathematical symbol is only done based on its meaning
and purpose. Like + means add, - means subtract, x multiply and ÷ means
divide.
b. concise (able to say things briefly)
c. powerful (able to express complex thoughts with relative ease)
Mathematics
Mathematics

The Language, Symbols,Syntax & Rules of Mathematics

 Writing Mathematical Language as an Expression

or a Sentence
Expression or mathematical Sentence is the analogue of an
expression is a finite English sentence; it is a correct
combination of symbols that arrangement of mathematical
is well-formed according to symbols that states complete
rules that depend on the thought. Sentences have verbs.
context. In the mathematical sentence
'3+4=7, the verb is =.
MATHEMATICAL CONVENTION
MATHEMATICAL CONVENTION
MATHEMATICAL CONVENTION
The order of operations or BODMAS/PEMDAS is merely a set of
rules that prioritize the sequence of operations starting from the
most important to the least important.
Step 1: Do as much as you can to simplify everything inside the
parenthesis first
Step 2: Simplify every exponential number in the numerical
expression
Step 3: Multiply and divide whichever comes first, from left to
right
Step 4: Add and subtract whichever comes first, from left to right
  is a collection of well-defined objects that contains
no duplicates. The objects in the set are called the
1.SET elements of the set. To describe a set, we use
braces { }, and use capital letters to represent it.
Example:
1.The set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, ... }.
• ellipsis-three dots in enumerating the elements of
the set
• finite set- elements that can be counted and
terminates at certain natural number, otherwise, it is
infinite set.
 Specification of Sets

1. List Notation/Roster 2. Predicate 3. Recursive Rules

Method-by listing all Notation/Rule
its members Method/Set-Builder Defining a set of rules which
Notation
stating a property of its elements. It has a generates or defines its
-list names of elements of a set, members.
property that the members of the set
separate them by commas and
share (a condition or a predicate which
enclose
holds for members of this set).
them in braces:
Examples:
Examples:
1. {x|x is a natural number and x < 8}
1. {1, 12, 45},
means "the set of al x such that x is a
2. (George Washington, Bill Clinton,,
natural number and is less than 8"
3. {a,b,d,m}.
2. {x|x is a letter of Russian alphabet}
4. "Three-dot abbreviation": {1,2, ...,
3. {yly is a student of UMass and y is
100}
older than 25}
 Specification of Sets

4.Cardinality of the Set 5. Power Set 6. Operation on Sets

It is the number of distinct elements
belonging to a finite set. It is also Union is an operation for sets
called the cardinal number of the set A is the family of all the subsets of A A and B in which a set is
denoted by n(A) or card (A) and |A|. denoted by Power (A). G i v e n s e t formed that consists of all the
A = { x , y ) , t h e P o w e r (A) = { {}, {x } , elements included in A or B or
{ y } , {x , y }} o r {x | x is a sub s e t o f A} both denoted by as A U B.
Specification of Sets

6. Operation on Sets
6.2 Intersection
It is the set containing all elements
common to both A and B, denoted by

6.3 Complementation
is an operation on a set that must be
performed in reference to a universal
set, denoted by A'
Example. Given U= {a, b, c, d, e},
A= {c,d,e}, find A':
Solution: A' = {a, b }
  It is a rule that pairs each element in one set,
called the domain, with exactly one element
2. FUNCTION from a second set, called the range. This
means that for each first coordinate, there is
exactly one second coordinate or forever. first
element of x, there corresponds a unique
second element y.
 Remember: A one-to-one correspondence and
many-to-one correspondence are called
Functions while one-to-many correspondence
is not.
  A function is a relation where each element in
the domain is related to only one value in the
2. FUNCTION range by some rule.
The elements of the domain can be imagined
as input to a machine that applies a rule so that
input corresponds to only one output.
 A function is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two ordered pairs
have the same 𝑥−value but different 𝑦 −values.
 A function can be represented by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) where 𝑦 is the
dependent variable and 𝑥 is the independent variable.
2. FUNCTION  Classes of
function
2. FUNCTION  Classes of
function
2. FUNCTION  Classes of
function
  A relation is a rule that relates values from
a set of values (called the domain) to a
3. RELATION second set of values (called the range).
 The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule to these inputs to generate
one or more outputs.
 A relation is also a set of ordered pairs (x,
y).
 Example:

A relation 𝑹 from A to B is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵.

 Let A and B be sets.

3. RELATION Given an ordered pair (𝑎, 𝑏) in 𝐴 × 𝐵, 𝒂 is related

to 𝒃 by 𝑹, written 𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 , if and only if, (𝑎, 𝑏) is
in 𝑅.
The set 𝐴 is called the domain of 𝑅 and the set 𝐵
is called its range of 𝑅.
EXERCISES:
SOLUTIONS/ ANSWERS
4. BINARY OPERATION
 Let 𝐺 be a set. A binary operation on a set 𝐺 is a function that
assigns each ordered pair (𝑎, 𝑏) of elements of 𝐺. Symbolically, 𝑎
∗ 𝑏 ∈ 𝐺 for all 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐺.
 A group is a set of elements, with one operation, that satisfies the
following properties:
i. the set is closed with respect to the operation,
ii. the operation satisfies the associative property,
iii. there is an identity element, and
iv. each element has an inverse.
 4. BINARY OPERATION
1. Closure property

result must be an element of the set. 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃 = 𝒄 ∈ 𝑮, for

 If any two elements are combined using the operation, the

all 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ 𝑮
2. Associative property
 An operation on a set 𝐺 is associative if (and only if) (𝒂 ∗ 𝒃)
∗ 𝒄 = 𝒂 ∗ (𝒃 ∗ 𝒄 ), for all 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ 𝑮.
 4. BINARY OPERATION
3. Identity property
 There exists an element 𝑒 in 𝐺, such that 𝒂 ∗ 𝒆 = 𝒆 ∗ 𝒂,
for all 𝒂 ∈ 𝑮.
Remark: • An identity element is unique. That is, it is the same
for all element of a set.

 For each 𝑎 ∈ 𝐺 there is an element 𝑎 −1 of 𝐺, such that 𝒂 ∗ 𝒂 −𝟏

4. Inverse property

= 𝒂 −𝟏 ∗ 𝒂 = 𝒆.
Remarks:
• An inverse element is not unique in a set but it is unique for each
element.
• The inverse of a is denoted by 𝑎 −1 .
 EXAMPLE:
Determine whether the set of all non-negative integers under
addition is a group.
Solution:
Apply the four properties to test the set of all non-
negative integers under addition is a group.
Step 1:Closure property, choose any two positive integers,
8 + 4 = 12 and 5 + 10 = 15
The sum of two numbers of the set, the result is always a number of the set.
Thus, it is closed.
Step 2: Associative property, choose three positive integers
3 + (2 + 4) = 3 + 6 = 9
(3 + 2) + 4 = 5 + 4 = 9
Thus, it also satisfies the associative property.

Step 3: Identity property, choose any positive integer

8 + 0 = 8; 9 + 0 = 9; 15 + 0 = 15
Thus, it also satisfies the identity property.
 2. EXAMPLE
A binary operation,∗ is defined on the set {1,2,3,4}.Given the table
below shows the 16 possible answers using this operation.
1. What is 2 ∗ 2?
2. Is 4 ∗ 3 commutative?

operation ∗ ?
3. What is the identity element for the

4. Is ∗ associative for these values? 4 ∗ (3 ∗ 2)

ELEMENTARY LOGIC/FORMAL LOGIC
The science or study of how to evaluate
arguments & reasoning.
It differentiate correct reasoning from poor
reasoning.
It is important in sense that it helps us to
reason correctly.
The methods of reasoning.
 A statement (or proposition) is a
STATEMENT

declarative sentence which is either

true or false, but not both.
The truth value of the statements is
the truth and falsity of the
statement.
Exampl
eWhich of the following are
statements?
1. Manila is the capital of the Is true
Philippines.
2. What day is It is a question A statement.

it? Not a
statement.
3. Help me, It cannot be categorized as
please. true or false.
Not a
statement.
Exampl
e
4. He is
Is neither true nor
false - “he” is not
handsome. specified.
Not a statement.
Propositional Variable
 A variable which used to represent
a statement.
 A formal propositional written
using propositional logic notation,
p, q, and r are used to represent
statements.
Logical Connectives
 Logical connectives are used to
combine simple statements which
are referred as compound
statements.
 A compound statement is a
statement composed of two or more
simple statements connected by
logical connectives
Logical Connectives
 CONJUNCTION
The conjunction of the statement p and q is the
compound statement “p and q.”
Symbolically, p  q, where  is the symbol for “and.”
Property 1: If p is true and q is true, then p  q is
true; otherwise p  q is false. Meaning, the
conjunction of two statements is true only if
each statementp is true.
q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 Examples
Determine the truth value of each of the following
conjunction.
1. 2 + 6 = 9 and man is a mammal. False
False True
2. Manny Pacquiao is a boxing
champion and Gloria Macapagal False
Arroyo is the first female Philippine
President.
3. Ferdinand Marcos is the only three-
term Philippine President and Joseph True
Estrada is the only Philippine President
who resigns.
 DISJUNCTION
The disjunction of the statement p, q is the compound
statement “p or q.” Denoted by, p  q, where  is the
symbol for “or.”
Property 2: If p is true or q is true or if both p and q are
true, then p  q is true; otherwise p  q is false.
Meaning, the disjunction of two statements is false
only if each statement
p qis false.
pq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 DISJUNCTION
Example:
Determine the truth value of each of the following
disjunction.
1. 2 + 6 = 9 or Manny Pacquiao is a boxing True
False
champion. True

2. Joseph Ejercito is the only Philippine True

President who resigns or Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo is the first female
Philippine President.
 NEGATION
The negation of the statement p is denoted by p,
where  is the symbol for “not.”

Property 3: If p is true, p is false. Meaning, the

truth value of the negation of a statement is
always the reverse of the truth value of the
original statement.
p 
p
T F
F T
 NEGATION
The following are statements for p, find the
corresponding p.
1. 3 + 5 = 8. 3+5
8.
2. Sofia is a girl. Sofia is a
boy.
3. Achaiah is Achaiah is
not here. here.
 CONDITIONAL
The conditional (or implication) of the statement
p and q is the compound statement “if p then q.”
Symbolically, p  q, where  is the symbol for “if
then.” p is called hypothesis (or antecedent or
premise) and q is called conclusion (or
consequent or consequence).
Property 4: The conditional statement p q pq
p  q is false only when p is true and q is T T T
false; otherwise p  q is true. Meaning T F F
F T T
p  q states that a true statement cannot F F T
imply a false statement.
 CONDITIONAL

Obtain the truth value of each of the following

EXAMPLE
conditional statements.
1. If vinegar is sweet, then sugar is Tru
sour. False Fals e
e
2. 2 + 5 = 7 is a sufficient condition for 5 + Fals
6 = Tru
1. Fals e
e e
3. 14 – 8 = 4 is a necessary condition that 6  3Tru
= 2. False True e
 BICONDITIONAL
The biconditional of the statement p and q is the
compound statement “p if and only if q.”
Symbolically, p  q, where  is the symbol for
“if and only if.”
Property 5: If p and q are p q p
true or both false, then q
p  q is true; if p and q T T T
have opposite truth T F F
values, then p  q is F T F
false. F F T
 EXAMPLE
 BICONDITIONAL

:Determine the truth values of each of the following

biconditional statements.
1. 2 + 8 = 10 if and only if 6 – 3 True
= 3. True True
2. Manila is the capital of the False
Philippines is equivalent to fish
live in moon.
3. 8 – 2 = 5 is a necessary and True
sufficient for 4 + 2 = 7.
ELEMENTARY LOGIC/FORMAL LOGIC
EXERCISES:
Let p and q denote the following
statements:
ELEMENTARY LOGIC/FORMAL LOGIC
EXERCISES:
Let p, q, r be the following statements:
ELEMENTARY LOGIC/FORMAL LOGIC