wc 04
wc 04
Lesson 4
Well Control
Read
• Well Control Manual
– Chapter 9
• Homework 2 Due Feb. 3, 1999
Content
• Development of Abnormal Pressure
• Properties of Normally Pressured
Formations
• Properties of Abnormally Pressured
Formations
• Casing Seat Selection
Knowledge of Pore and Fracture Pressures Leads to:
Fluids trapped in
place
Fluids begin to
support overburden
Diagenesis
• At 200oF to 300oF Clays undergo chemical
alteration. Montmorillonite clays dehydrate
and release some of the bound water into
the space already occupied by free water,
increasing pressure
Differential Density in Dipping Formations
Fluid Migration
Tectonic Movement - Uplifting
Tectonic Movement - Faulting
Aquifers
Thermal Effects
• Theories
– Increased temperature with depth and chemical
reactions cause increased pressures
– Increased pressures caused increased
temperatures
Salt Formations
Pressure Gradient
Shale Density
Temperature gradient - Increases
D
e Normal Trend
p
t
h
Top of Geo-pressure
Temperature
Pore Pressure Prediction Occurs:
• Prior to drilling
• During drilling
• After drilling
Before Drilling
• Offset mud records, drilling reports, bit
records, well tests
• Geological Correlation
Before Drilling
• Open Hole Logs from
offset wells
Before Drilling
• Seismic data
During Drilling
• Kick - SIDPP and HSP in DP can give
accurate measurement of formation pore
pressure
• LOT - gives accurate measurement of
fracture pressure
During Drilling
• Correlation of penetration rate • Changes in shale penetration
to offset logs rate
During Drilling
• Shale density Change
– Mercury pump
– Mud balance
• Fill mud balance with clean shale until it balances at
8.33 ppg
• Fill the balance cup with water and determine total
weight
• Calculate shale bulk density:
– SBD=8.33/(16.66-Total Weight)
During Drilling
• Shale density Change - Density column
During Drilling
• Mud gas content
change
During drilling
• Shale cutting change
During Drilling
• Mud chloride change
• Increase in fill on bottom
• Increase in drag or torque
• Contaminated mud
• Temperature change
During Drilling
• Abnormal trip fill-up behavior
• Periodic logging runs
• Drill-stem tests
• MWD or LWD tools
• Paleontology
During Drilling
• dc-exponent
– P=K*(W/D)d*Ne
• P=penetration rate of shale
• K=formation drillability
• W=weight on bit
• D=bit diameter
• N=rotary speed
• d=bit weight exponent
• e=rotary speed exponent
During Drilling
d-exponent and dc-exponent
During Drilling
After Drilling
• Log evaluation
• Flow tests
• BHP surveys
• Shut-in pressure tests
• Analysis of mud reports, drilling reports,
and bit records