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The document covers well control in petroleum engineering, focusing on abnormal pressure development and its implications for well planning and casing selection. It discusses the properties of normally and abnormally pressured formations, including factors affecting pressure such as compaction and tectonic movements. Additionally, it outlines methods for predicting pore pressures before, during, and after drilling, emphasizing the importance of shale properties in these predictions.

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6 views

wc 04

The document covers well control in petroleum engineering, focusing on abnormal pressure development and its implications for well planning and casing selection. It discusses the properties of normally and abnormally pressured formations, including factors affecting pressure such as compaction and tectonic movements. Additionally, it outlines methods for predicting pore pressures before, during, and after drilling, emphasizing the importance of shale properties in these predictions.

Uploaded by

arnaldoadriansosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Petroleum Engineering 406

Lesson 4
Well Control
Read
• Well Control Manual
– Chapter 9
• Homework 2 Due Feb. 3, 1999
Content
• Development of Abnormal Pressure
• Properties of Normally Pressured
Formations
• Properties of Abnormally Pressured
Formations
• Casing Seat Selection
Knowledge of Pore and Fracture Pressures Leads to:

• More effective well planning


• Maximize penetration rates with balanced
drilling
• Safer and more economical selection of
casing points
• Minimize trouble due to lost circulation and
kicks
Knowledge of Pore and Fracture Pressures Leads to:

• Better engineered production and test


equipment
• Better understanding of local geology and
drilling hazards
• More accurate analysis of drilling data and
electric logs
Normally Pressured Formation

Fluids Squeezed out


with compaction
Abnormal Formation Pressures
• Due to:
– Incomplete compaction
– Diagenesis
– Differential Density in Dipping Formations
– Fluid Migration
– Tectonic Movement
– Aquifers
– Thermal Effects
Incomplete compaction

Fluids trapped in
place
Fluids begin to
support overburden
Diagenesis
• At 200oF to 300oF Clays undergo chemical
alteration. Montmorillonite clays dehydrate
and release some of the bound water into
the space already occupied by free water,
increasing pressure
Differential Density in Dipping Formations
Fluid Migration
Tectonic Movement - Uplifting
Tectonic Movement - Faulting
Aquifers
Thermal Effects
• Theories
– Increased temperature with depth and chemical
reactions cause increased pressures
– Increased pressures caused increased
temperatures
Salt Formations
Pressure Gradient

D Pore press. gradient


e Overburden gradient
p
t
h
Salt formation
Shale Properties used to Predict
Pore Pressures
• Shales are used because:
– Most pressure transition zones occur in
relatively thick shales
– Properties of clean shales are fairly
homogeneous at any depth, and can be
predicted with some degree of accuracy.
Shale Properties used to Predict
Pore Pressures
• Shales are used because:
– A deviation from the expected can be
interpreted as a change in pressure gradient
– Detecting these deviations in low permeability
shales gives an early warning prior to drilling
into pressured permeable formations, thus
avoiding kicks.
Normally Pressured Shales
• Porosity - Decreases with depth
• Density - Increases with depth
• Conductivity - Decreases with depth
• Resistivity - Increases with depth
• Sonic travel time - Decreases with depth
• Temp. gradient - Relatively constant
Abnormally Pressured Shales
• Porosity - Higher than expected
• Density - Lower than expected
• Conductivity - Higher than expected
• Resistivity - Lower than expected
• Sonic travel time - Higher than expected
• Temp gradient - Increases
Porosity Density Conductivity Sonic

Shale Density
Temperature gradient - Increases

D
e Normal Trend
p
t
h
Top of Geo-pressure

Temperature
Pore Pressure Prediction Occurs:
• Prior to drilling

• During drilling

• After drilling
Before Drilling
• Offset mud records, drilling reports, bit
records, well tests
• Geological Correlation
Before Drilling
• Open Hole Logs from
offset wells
Before Drilling
• Seismic data
During Drilling
• Kick - SIDPP and HSP in DP can give
accurate measurement of formation pore
pressure
• LOT - gives accurate measurement of
fracture pressure
During Drilling
• Correlation of penetration rate • Changes in shale penetration
to offset logs rate
During Drilling
• Shale density Change
– Mercury pump
– Mud balance
• Fill mud balance with clean shale until it balances at
8.33 ppg
• Fill the balance cup with water and determine total
weight
• Calculate shale bulk density:
– SBD=8.33/(16.66-Total Weight)
During Drilling
• Shale density Change - Density column
During Drilling
• Mud gas content
change
During drilling
• Shale cutting change
During Drilling
• Mud chloride change
• Increase in fill on bottom
• Increase in drag or torque
• Contaminated mud
• Temperature change
During Drilling
• Abnormal trip fill-up behavior
• Periodic logging runs
• Drill-stem tests
• MWD or LWD tools
• Paleontology
During Drilling
• dc-exponent
– P=K*(W/D)d*Ne
• P=penetration rate of shale
• K=formation drillability
• W=weight on bit
• D=bit diameter
• N=rotary speed
• d=bit weight exponent
• e=rotary speed exponent
During Drilling
d-exponent and dc-exponent
During Drilling
After Drilling
• Log evaluation
• Flow tests
• BHP surveys
• Shut-in pressure tests
• Analysis of mud reports, drilling reports,
and bit records

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