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Disorders of Perception

The document discusses disorders of perception, categorizing them into sensory distortion and sensory deception. Sensory distortions include changes in intensity, quality, and spatial form of perception, while sensory deception encompasses illusions, hallucinations, and pseudohallucinations. Various causes and types of hallucinations are outlined, including auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and bodily sensations, along with their associations with psychiatric disorders and other conditions.

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3 views

Disorders of Perception

The document discusses disorders of perception, categorizing them into sensory distortion and sensory deception. Sensory distortions include changes in intensity, quality, and spatial form of perception, while sensory deception encompasses illusions, hallucinations, and pseudohallucinations. Various causes and types of hallucinations are outlined, including auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and bodily sensations, along with their associations with psychiatric disorders and other conditions.

Uploaded by

vishwamedhiraj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISORDERS OF PERCEPTION

Disorders of perception
• It can be divided into:
1.SENSORY DISTORTION
Here a real perceptual object is perceived in
a distorted way.

2.SENSORY DECEPTION OR FALSE PERCEPTION


Here a new perception occur that may or may
not be in response to an external stimulus.
SENSORY DISTORTIONS

These are the changes in perception that


are result of a change in intensity and
quality of stimulus or spatial form of the
perception.
CHANGES IN INTENSITY[HYPER OR HYPOAESTHESIA)

• Increased intensity of sensation may be result


of intense emotion.

• Anxiety, Depressive disorders


hangover from alcohol, Hyperacusis
migraine
• Those who are suffering an epileptic aura, hypo
manic or under influence of LSD  Visual
hyperaesthesia.

• Hypoacusis delirium , Depression and


Attention deficit disorder

• Visual and gustatory sensation lowered in


Depression
CHANGES IN QUALITY
• Change in gustation is associated with use of
Lithium ( Metallic taste.)

• Colouring of yellow, green ,red --->as a result


of drugs (Santonin, Digitalis poisoning)
CHANGES IN SPATIAL
FORM(DYSMEGALOPSIA)

• This refers to change in perceived shape of an


object Macropsia or Micropsia

• Dysmegalopsia and Metamorphosia


Spatial location of a perceived object may be distorted.

• Telopsia involve object appearing far away.

• Pelopsia-Object appearing nearer.

• Akinetopsia-unable to perceive motion

• Alloaesthesia - when perceived object is in


different position from what is expected.
Distortion of experience of time
• Slowing down of time  psychotic depressive
symptoms.

• In manic patients feel that time speed by and


days are not long enough to do everything.

• It may also occur in temporal lobe lesion.


Splitting of perception
• It occurs when link between different sensory
modalities fail to be made.

• It occurs in Schizophrenia
SENSORY DECEPTION
[FALSE PERCEPTION]
These can be divided into:
1.Illusion
2.Hallucination
3.Pseudohallucination
ILLUSION
• In illusion ,stimuli from a perceived object are
combined with a mental image to produce a
false perception.

• 3 TYPES:
1.Complete illusion
2.Affect illusion
3.Pareidolia
HALLUCINATION
• Definitions of hallucination:
1. A Perception without an object
2. False perception which is not distortion of
real perception but as something new and
occur simultaneously with and alongside real
perception.
3. It is an exteroceptive or interoceptive percept
that do not correspond to an actual object.
Causes of Hallucination
1. EMOTION/PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
2. DISORDERS OF PERIPHERAL SENSE ORGANS
3. SENSORY DEPRIVATION
4. DISORDERS OF CNS
AUDITORY HALLUCINATION
• Auditory hallucination- schizophrenia
chronic alcoholic hallucinosis
affective psychoses.

• Hallucinatory voices  Running Commentary


in schizophrenia.
• Some auditory hallucination are considered to
be first rank symptoms of schizophrenia.

1. Audible thoughts,
2. Voice heard arguing with each other and
3. Voices commenting on the patient’s
behaviour.
 Auditory Hallucination were prevalent in
• agoraphobia, special phobia,
• OCD,
• panic disorder,
• depression,
• borderline personality disorder
• generalised anxiety disorder.
VISUAL HALLUCINATION
Mainly in organic states.
1. occipital lobe tumors
2.post concussional state,
3.in epileptic twilight state,
4. metabolic disturbances,
5.Dementia.
• Often isolated,
Visual +Auditory In Temporal lobe epilepsy
OLFACTORY HALLUCINATION
• Schizophrenia,

• In epilepsy especially in association with temporal lobe


focus &

• commonly from aura of such fits,

• in organic states and

• uncommonly in depressive psychosis.


GUSTATORY HALLUCINATION
• In Schizophrenia an depression

• Changes in gustatory perception:


1. temporal lobe epilepsy
2. Some psychotropic drugs like
Lithium and Disulfiram
3.Maxillofacial surgery
HALLUCINATION OF BODILY SENSATION

• Hallucination of bodily sensation can be:


1. Superficial: Thermic
Haptic and
Hygric

2.Kinaesthetic :False perception of muscle or joint


sense.
In schizophrenia, benzodiazepine withdrawal
and alcohol intoxication.
3.Visceral hallucination: These are false
perception of inner organs.

 Formication: It is a unpleasant form of haptic


hallucination .
It is associated with cocaine addiction and
alcohol withdrawal.
PSEUDOHALLUCINATION
• It refers to hallucination with insight.

• Pseudo hallucination are a type of mental


image that although clear and vivid , but
lack substantiality of perception.
HALLUCINATION PSEUDO HALLUCINATION

• A Perception without an • Hallucination with insight


object. • It occurs in inner subjective
• It occurs in objective space space, not in external
and sensory organs are objective space.
involved. • They are dependent on the
• It occurs independently of will.
the subject’s will and • Incomplete,inconstant and
therefore cannot be have to be recreated.
deliberately evoked. • Not necesarily indicate
• Clear and substantial. psychopathology.
• Indicative of mental illness.
OTHER ABNORMALITIES OF
PERCEPTION
AUTOSCOPY
• It is the experience of seeing an image of
oneself in external space and knowing that it
is oneself.
• It is also called as phantom mirror image.

• NEGATIVE AUTOSCOPY-When look into the


mirror, see no image
EXTRACAMPINE HALLUCINATION
• These hallucination are experienced outside
the limit of sensory field.

• It occur in schizophrenia,epilepsy and other


organic states.
HYPNAGOGIC &HYPNOPOMPIC
HALLUCINATION
• Hypnopompic hallucination occur when the
subject is waking.

• Hypnagogic hallucination occur while going to


sleep.

• They are not indicative of any psychopathology

• They also occur in narcolepsy.


FUNCTIONAL HALLUCINATION
• An auditory stimulus cause an hallucination
but the stimulus is experienced as well as the
hallucination.

• For e.g. A patient with schizophrenia first


heard the voice of god as her clock ticked, or
she heard the voices from running tap.
REFLEX HALLUCINATION

• Reflex hallucination - Stimulus in one field


produces a hallucination in other.

E.g. patient felt a pain in head when she heard


other people sneeze.

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