DRILLING MACHINE

MACHINE TOOLS AND PROCESSES

Success criteria
1.Identify types of drilling machine
2.Drilling machine parts and their
uses
3.Operate a drilling machine
Drilling machine
• A common method of joining metal components is by
means of fitting
• Fitting involves creating a hole in one component and
fitting the other component into it to form an assembly
• The process of originating a hole is called drilling and the
machine used for the process is called a drilling machine
• The cutting tool used is referred to as a drill
Types of drilling machine
1.Bench drilling machine
2.Pillar drilling machine
3.Radial arm drilling machine
4.Electric hand drilling machine
Types of drilling machine
• The popular drilling machines usually installed in
school workshops are the bench drilling machine
and the pillar drilling machine
• Both machines have common parts, except that the
pillar drilling machine has a longer ands more robust
column (pillar) and is often fixed to the floor of the
workshop.
Bench and pillar type
Types of drilling machine
•A radial drilling machine has a radial arm onto
which the drill head is fitted and along which
it moves. This is often used in industries
•An electric hand drilling machine is a portable
power tool, easier to use, and can be carried
to other working stations
Radial arm drill
Electric hand drills
Bench and pillar type
The essential parts of the drilling machine
are common to both the bench type and
the pillar type.
The following are the parts: head, pillar,
chuck, worktable, feed handle, depth
gauge, base
Base
•Made of cast iron
•This supports the main column or pillar with pulleys
and the motor
•The top surface of the base is machined flat and
serves as a table for large work
•Slots are provided so that large work can be bolted
down
Column
•This serves as a support for the table
and maintains it at right angles to the
drill
Worktable
•Made of cast iron and fits on the column
•This is provided with slots so that the work or vice
can be bolted down
•The table can be raised and lowered to cope with
different sizes of work by means of a locking handle
which clamps the table to the column
Worktable
Spindle
•This is driven from motor the by means of pulleys and a belt
•The speed of the spindle can be varied by changing the belt from one pulley to
another
•This belt is driven by the motor
•The lower of the spindle has a chuck which holds the drill
•Attached to the spindle is a calibrated rod known as the depth stop/gauge which
indicates the depth of the drill in the work
•A series of holes of the same depth can be drilled simply by pre-setting the
depth stop
The vee belt
•Connects the motor pulley and the spindle pulley
•Motor pulley is fixed to the electric motor, spindle
pulley is fixed to the spindle
•It transmits the motion of the electric motor, which
the operational power, to the spindle drive
mechanism
Chuck guard
•A part cylindrical plastic cover mounted in front
of the drill chuck
•It swivels upwards to allow the chuck to be
inserted
•When lowered into position it prevents the
operator’s hair from catching in the chuck
The feed handle
•Is used to bring the spindle down
for feeding the drill work into the
work
•The feed handle is controlled by a
rack and pinion mechanism
Types of drills
I. Flat drill
II. Centre drill
III. Countersink drill
IV. Counterbore drill
V. Staight-fluted drill
VI.Twist drill
The twist drill
•This is the most commonly used drill
•There are two types named according to the shape
of the ends:
1. Parallel shank
2. Taper shank
•Both are made from High Speed Steel
Morse taper shank and parallel
shank
Parts of twist drill
•a twist drill has two mains sections: shank and
body
i. Shank is the upper part of the drill
ii. Body is the lower part of the drill, it consists
of: flute, land, heel, web, lips, chisel edge and
point
Shank
•Shank is the portion above the fluted length
•It fits into a drill chuck, a taper sleeve, or the spindle nose
•The shank is made in two forms: parallel shank which is held in a drill
chuck and morse taper shank which is fixed to the spindle nose
directly or into a taper sleeve
•The morse taper shank has a tang at the end. The tang is a flat end
of a tapered shank drill that fits into the flat section of the spindle
nose or a taper sleeve, preventing the drill from rotating.
Body
•Is the part from the tip to the shank,
containing flutes
•It tapers slightly from the tip to the
shank to provide clearance when
drilling a deep hole
Flutes
•Are the spiral grooves on the body that provide a
rake angle to the drill
•These provide a means of applying a lubricant or
coolant to the tip of the drill while the drill is in
operation
•They also provide a means of escape for the metal
cuttings, chippings and swarf to clear from the hole
Land
•The narrow shining part along the
periphery
•It performs the cutting along the
periphery
Heel
•The area behind the land, which
ground away to give a body
clearance
Web
•The area between the flutes
•It increases in thickness from the tip to the
shank
•It also provides a chisel edge at the ground
end of the drill to commence the cutting
action
The lips
•Are the length of the cutting edge
•The lips must be ground to equal length. If they are
unequal one lip does all the cutting, giving an
oversized hole
•The point of the twist drill is 118˚
•Insufficient lip clearance makes the cutting edges
weak and easily broken
Chisel edge
•This is directly on the drill axis and
requires considerable force to penetrate
the metal
•The force exerted on the point of the
drill musty be a steady pressure
Helix angle
•The helix angle is the inclination of flutes to the axis of the drill
•There are two types of helix angle: quick helix and slow helix
•Quick helix drills have increased rake; they are suitable for drilling
soft materials such as aluminium
•Slow helix drills have a reduced angle; they are used for materials
such as brass and bronze which produce short chippings
Flat drill
•Made from a piece of a high carbon steel or silver
steel. The cutting end is forged out, shaped and
hardened and tempered as required
•Flat drills are suitable for squaring off the bottoms of
holes that have been produced by a twist drill
•Can also be used for drilling thin sheet metal and for
drilling hard materials
Straight fluted drill
•This type of drill straight flutes instead of spiral ones.
•It is suitable for drilling materials such as brass,
which produces short chippings
•The drill has zero rake, it cannot clear chippings from
a hole, therefore it must be withdrawn frequently,
particularly when drilling a deep hole
Centre drill
•Has features of both a twist drill and a countersink
drill. Because of this, it is also called a combination
drill. Another name is a slocombe drill.
•It is mainly used for drilling centre holes on the
end of shafts as a preparation for mounting
between lathe centres, or for locating a centre for
drilling on the lathe.
Tips when centre drilling on
a lathe machine
•Ensure that the end of the shaft to be centre drilled is
properly faced, as a nipple at the centre can cause wobbling
and may result in breaking the pilot tip.
•Ensure also the drill is firmly held, as a loosely held drill is
likely to move, thereby causing intermittent feed and
possible breakage.
•The initial feed must always be slow to avoid breaking the
pilot tip.
Countersink drill
•Two types of countersink drill: the rose countersink
drill and the machine countersink drill.
•Rose countersink drill is often made from HCS and is
mainly for soft materials such as wood, and normally
applied by hand brace. Machine countersink drill is
made from HSS and is suitable for hard materials such
as steel. Often used on drilling machine and centre
lathe.
Counterbore drill
•Like the countersink drill, counterbore drill is only
used on existing holes.
•It is mainly used for enlarging or recessing a hole to a
given depth, mostly to accommodate the head of a
cheese-headed screw.
•It is also used for spot facing, to provide a flat surface
or seating for a washer or a nut.
Holding work for drilling
•Work is held on a worktable or a base during drilling operation
•Work can be held on a machine vice, clamped by G-clamps or F-
clamps, and can be held on a hand vice if the work is light
•If the work is heavy, bolt the machine vice on the table
•Avoid drilling through to the worktable. This can be achieved by
setting the depth stop or placing a piece of wood at the bottom of
the work
•Do not hold work by hands
Machine vice
•The body of the vice is made of cast iron with the
base having open slots which enable it to be bolted
to the drill table for greater security
•The jaws may have vee slots to enable round or
square work to be held
•The handle is knurled to facilitate tightening and
slackening
General procedure for
drilling
Centre punch the work properly
Select the appropriate size of drill and fix it firmly in the drill chuck
or into the spindle nose
Select the appropriate spindle speed for the drill being used. Large
holes require lower speed, small holes require higher speeds
Hold the work firmly in the vice; it should be bolted if necessary
If a blind hole is to be drilled, set the depth gauge
General procedure for
drilling
Hold the vice and the work firmly with one hand
Start the machine and feed gradually and steadily with constant
pressure
Apply coolant where necessary
Relieve pressure as the drill gets through the work (coming out of
the bottom)
Stop the machine and remove the work
Clean the top of the worktable
Activity 1: safety precautions
In groups of 4 discuss:
i. Hazards in drilling processes
ii. Safety precautions to be followed
when drilling
Safety precautions when
drilling
1. Do not attempt to stop the spindle by hand
2. Never remove swarf with your hand
3. Do not wear loose clothing when drilling
4. Wear proper protective clothing, including
goggles