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Lewis Structures

The document discusses the octet rule and its application in determining the structure of small molecules and polyatomic ions, detailing rules for identifying central atoms and exceptions to the octet rule. It also covers concepts such as formal charge, resonance structures, and special cases like free radicals and carbenes. Additionally, it provides examples and exercises for constructing Lewis structures for various compounds and ions.

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C Wilson
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3 views

Lewis Structures

The document discusses the octet rule and its application in determining the structure of small molecules and polyatomic ions, detailing rules for identifying central atoms and exceptions to the octet rule. It also covers concepts such as formal charge, resonance structures, and special cases like free radicals and carbenes. Additionally, it provides examples and exercises for constructing Lewis structures for various compounds and ions.

Uploaded by

C Wilson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lewis

Structures
Malcolm, Xavier,
Genna
Octet Rule
-Small molecules and polyatomic ions can use basic octet rule.

-Larger molecules, determine general arrangement of atoms, skeleton.

-Always includes central atom, atoms surrounding it bonded.


Few Octet Rules
1.Carbon usually central atom. If more than one carbon, joins
together to start skeleton.

2.Hydrogen never central atom, only one covalent bond.

3.Halogens generally not central because only forms single bonds


when oxygen not present.

4.Oxygen rarely central atom, only forms two covalent bonds. May
link two carbons in carbon chain.

5.In simpler molecules, atom that appears only once will often be
central atom.
Octet Rule Example Using BF₃
1. Valence electrons of all atoms added Skeleton
together. 3+7+7+7=24.

2. For polyatomic ions, must take into Bonding Electrons


account electrons used to form ion.

3. Pair of electrons between each two Outer Octets Complete


atoms, bonding pairs.
Line Structure
4. Remaining electrons complete
octets, nonbonding pairs.

5. Any Electrons leftover added in pairs


to central atom.

6. When all electrons placed, outer


Octet Rule For Central Atom
- If central atom has octet, structure is complete.

- If central atom is boron, can have less than eight electrons. If any
other atom, double bonds must be made.

- For atoms in periods 3 to 7, central atom can have more than eight
electrons.
Exceptions to the octet rule
Incomplete Valence shells:

Some ions/species that when combined have only seven electrons in


their valence shells are called free radicals

Those when combined, that have only six electrons in their valence
shell are called Carbenes

Both Free Radicals and Carbenes are extremely reactive as they want
one or two more electrons to become stable
Duet and Duodecet Electron
Rules
Duet Rule:

All atoms can only have a maximum of two electrons in their initial (first) shell. (Hydrogen
and Helium will only ever fill these shells)

18 Electron Rule:

Valence shells of transition metals have nine orbitals, and can accommodate a total of 18
electrons (After filling all nine orbitals and having 18 valence electrons these metals
are said to have the same configuration as noble gases.

Duodecet Rule:

New theories do not count the P-orbital in the metals, and therefore mean these metals
will only have 12 valence electrons and eight orbitals (one S-orbitals, and five D-
orbitals)
Which atoms can disregard the
octet rule:
This video shows which atoms (most/all of them) can disobey the octet
rule
Lewis Structures of Ions
Example: NO₂⁻ Nonbonding Pair Added to N

Add electrons: 6+6+5=17, charge makes


it 18. Nonbonding Pair from Left O
Skeleton
Are Moved to Make a
Bonding Pair
Bonding e⁻ Added Line-Dot Structure (On AP
Exam)
Octets Around O Complete Line Structure (Not on AP
Exam)
Lewis Structures of Odd
Electron Compounds
- Total number of valence electrons odd number, impossible to
construct Lewis structure with octet around each atom.

Ex: Nitrogen dioxide

- Lewis structures with unpaired electrons often called free radicals.

- Unusually reactive.

- In effort to pair up single electrons, free radicals may form dimers


or pairs of molecules.

Ex: 2NO₂ → N₂O₄ (dimerizes)


Questions
Build the Lewis structure for each of these compounds:

1.CH3Cl

2.CS2

3.PH3

Now build them for these ions:

4.NO3 (-)

5.ClO4 (-)
Formal Charge
Compares the electron count of the atom to an isolated neutral atom

Formal Charge = (number of valence electrons) - (number of bonds it


forms) - (number of lone pair electrons)
Formal Charge Using Sulphate
Formal Charge Using Sulphate
VE - 6 6-4-4 = 0
NB - 2
VE - 6 LPE - 4 VE - 6
NB - 1 NB - 6
LPE - 6 LPE - 0
6 - 1 - 6= -1 6 - 6 - 0= 0

VE - 6
VE - 6 6-4-4 = 0
NB - 1
NB - 2
LPE - 6 Total Charge
LPE - 4
6 - 1 - 6= -1
0+0+-1+-1+0 = -2
Resonance Structures
When more than one Lewis structure can be drawn for the same ion, it
is said to have resonance.

Each structure that can be drawn is called a contributing resonance


structure

Double headed arrows indicate the contributing resonance structures

The actual lab findings, however, find that none of these different
structures are not the actual structure - bonds are distributed over
entire molecule

Actual structure called a resonance hybrid structure


Resonance Structure Using
Carbonate There isn’t a
double bond, all
the bonds are the
same length -
combination of all
three structures
Rules When Drawing
Resonance Structures
All resonance structures must have the same number of electrons

The octet rule must be obeyed

The nuclei cannot change places


Examples
Draw the following resonance structures:

NO3-

Benzene (C6H6 )

ClO4-
Answers

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