Scribd
Upload
9 views

db lec 2 ver (2)

The document discusses the evolution from manual file processing systems to traditional file processing systems, highlighting the inefficiencies and complexities of the former. It details the drawbacks of traditional file systems, such as data redundancy and limited data sharing, before introducing the database approach as a solution. The advantages of databases include data independence and improved data sharing, supported by various components like DBMS and CASE tools.

Uploaded by

mairabsatti04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

db lec 2 ver (2)

The document discusses the evolution from manual file processing systems to traditional file processing systems, highlighting the inefficiencies and complexities of the former. It details the drawbacks of traditional file systems, such as data redundancy and limited data sharing, before introducing the database approach as a solution. The advantages of databases include data independence and improved data sharing, supported by various components like DBMS and CASE tools.

Uploaded by

mairabsatti04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Manual File Processing

• Before the use of computer, a manual file


system was used to maintain the records and
files.
• All the data was stored in files and it makes it
easy to find any information.
• But this system was good only for small
organizations having small number of items.
Manual File Processing
It has many disadvantages given below:
– It was time consuming.
– Inefficient to maintain the record of big firm
having large number of items.
– It requires a lots of labor work to do.
– It becomes more complex when anyone requires
changing the information.
.
Traditional file processing
• To overcome these disadvantages and to make the
processing fast, Traditional File Processing
System was introduced.
• This system was able to solve all the above
problems. Let us find what Traditional File
Processing System was.
• To overcome these disadvantages and to make the
processing fast
• Traditional File Processing System was introduced.
Traditional File Processing Systems:
• It was totally computer based system where all the information is store in
different computer files.

• Also traditional files system stores data in a manner that all the departments
of an organization have their own set of files that creates data redundancy

• The traditional approach to information system design focuses on data


processing needs of individual department in an organization without
considering the organization as a whole.

• Each computer application typically designed with its own set of data file and
application programs to meet the information requirements of particular
department or a user group.
.
Traditional File Processing Systems:
• Consider an example of college where student record for
examination is stored in other file and his library record is
stored in different file that creates many duplicate values like
roll Number, Name and Father Name.
Traditional file based approach
• The term 'file-based approach' refers to the
situation where data is stored in one or more
separate computer files defined and managed
by different application programs

– for example, the details of customers may be


stored in one file, orders in another, etc. Computer
programs access the stored files to perform the
various tasks required by the business.
Traditional File Processing Systems:

• A typical Traditional File Processing Systems is shown in the


diagram that shows program and data independency.
– It means that data and program depends upon each other. And due to
this, any change in one file will affect all the others files too.
Traditional file based approach
• The following diagram shows how different applications will each have
their own copy of files they need to carry out activities for which they are
responsible
Solution (shared file approach)
• One approach to solve the problem of each application having its own set of files is
to share files between different applications

• this will lead to duplication and in consistent data between different applications
Example of file based system
Example of file based system
Drawback of File Processing
• Uncontrolled Redundancy
“The existence of one record in more then one places is
called redundancy”
Example
Drawback of File Processing
• Limited Data Sharing
“Each user has its own private files and user have little opportunity to share
data ”
Example
Drawback of File Processing
• Expensive Program Maintenance
“Descriptions of files, Records, and data items are embedded with in the individual application
programs hence any modification to files require the programs to be changed”.
Example
Drawback of File Processing
• Program Data dependence
“File descriptions are stored within each application that accesses file, so change to file structure
requires changes to all file descriptions in all programs.
Example
Database approach
• We would describe how the database approach can overcome the
limitations
of the file processing approach

 Designing a database properly is fundamental to establishing a database that meets


the needs of the users.
Data models
1. Capture the nature of and relationships among data and are used at different levels of
abstraction as a database is conceptualized and designed.
2. The effectiveness and efficiency of a database is directly associated with the structure
of the database.
3. Various graphical systems exist that convey this structure and are used to produce
data models that can be understood by end users, systems analysts, and database
designers.
4. . A typical data model is made up of entities, attributes, and relationships and the
most common data modeling representation is the entity-relationship model.
Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
Advantages of Database
• Data Independence
“Separation of data description from the application that use the data is
called data independence”

Application/Front end is separate from the data

All data structure is stored in database


Data base increases data sharing.Person in account department can view
customer data
Database Environment
Components of database environment
1. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools
CASE tools are automated tools used to design databases and
application programs. These tools help with creation of data models
and in some cases can also help automatically generate the “code”
needed to create the database.

2. Repository
 A repository is a centralized knowledge base for all data
definitions, data relationships, screen and report formats, and
other system components.

3. Database management system


• A DBMS is a software system that is used to create, maintain,
and provide controlled access to user databases, managing
database
4. Database
• A database is an organized collection of logically related data,
usually designed to meet the information needs of multiple users
in an organization.
• Storehouse of data

5. Application programs Computer-based application programs are


used to create and maintain the database and provide
information to users.
6. User interface The user interface includes languages, menus, and
other facilities by which users interact with various system
components, such as CASE tools, application programs, the
DBMS, and the repository

7. data/database administrator
Data administrators are persons who are responsible for the
overall management of data resources in an organization.
Database administrators are responsible for physical database
design and for managing technical issues in the database
environment.
8 System developers
 System developers are persons such as systems analysts and
programmers who design new application programs.
 System developers often use CASE tools for system requirements
analysis and program design.

9 End users
End users are persons throughout the organization who add,
delete, and modify data in the database and who request or
receive information from it

You might also like