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Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

The document discusses the significance of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in various fields such as machine learning, web search algorithms, image processing, robotics, and finance. It explains their applications in Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Google PageRank, and stability analysis in control systems, among others. Additionally, it provides examples of finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors for given matrices.

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ojas kittur
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2 views

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

The document discusses the significance of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in various fields such as machine learning, web search algorithms, image processing, robotics, and finance. It explains their applications in Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Google PageRank, and stability analysis in control systems, among others. Additionally, it provides examples of finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors for given matrices.

Uploaded by

ojas kittur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Real-Time Applications of
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Understanding the Importance of
Eigenvalues in Various Fields
PCA - Machine Learning & Data Science

• Used for dimensionality reduction & feature


extraction.
• Converts correlated data into uncorrelated
components.
• Used in face recognition, speech recognition,
and image compression.
Google PageRank Algorithm
• Helps rank web pages in search results.
• Eigenvectors determine the importance of web
pages.
• Used by Google to prioritize search results.
Image Processing & Computer Vision
• Eigenvectors help in image compression & edge
detection.
• Used in facial recognition technology (e.g., Apple
Face ID).
• Helps in pattern recognition and object tracking.
Robotics & Control Systems
• igenvalues determine stability of control
systems.
• Used in self-balancing robots and drones.
• Helps in designing autonomous robotic
movements.
Finance & Stock Market Analysis
• Eigenvalues analyze correlations between
stocks.
• Helps in portfolio optimization and risk
management.
• Used in predictive modeling for financial
markets.
• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are essential in
various domains.
• Used in machine learning, search engines,
engineering, physics, and finance.
• They simplify complex systems and enhance
computational efficiency.
Introduction
• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are essential in linear
algebra and are widely used in Principal
Component Analysis (PCA), physics, and
engineering.
• Eigenvalues (λ): Scalars that satisfy the equation
A𝑥 = λ𝑥
• Eigenvectors (X): Non-zero vectors that do not
change direction when a matrix is applied.
Finding Eigenvalues
Eigenvalues are found by solving:
• |A - λI| = 0
• where A is the given matrix, λ is the
eigenvalue, and I is the identity matrix.
Example Problem
Given matrix A:
A = [4 2]
[1 3]
Find its eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Step 1: Compute Characteristic Equation

|A - λI| = 0
|4-λ 2|
|1 3-λ| = 0
Expanding the determinant gives:
(4-λ)(3-λ) - (1×2) = 0
λ² - 7λ + 10 = 0
Solving, we get λ₁ = 5, λ₂ = 2.
Step 2: Find Eigenvectors
• For each λ, solve (A - λI)X = 0.
For λ₁ = 5:
[-1 2] [x1] = [0]
[ 1 -2] [x2] = [0]
Solving, we get eigenvector X₁ = [2 1].

For λ₂ = 2:
[2 2] [x1] = [0]
[1 1] [x2] = [0]
Solving, X₂ = [-1 1].
Final Answer
Eigenvalues: λ₁ = 5, λ₂ = 2
Eigenvectors:
X₁ = [2 1]
X₂ = [-1 1]
Example Problem
• Given matrix A:
• A = [4 2]
• [1 3]
Eigenvalues found earlier:
• λ₁ = 5, λ₂ = 2.
• Now, we will find their corresponding
eigenvectors.
Step 1: Finding Eigenvector for λ₁ = 5
(A - 5I) =
[-1 2]
[ 1 -2]
Solve:
[-1 2] [x1] = [0]
[ 1 -2] [x2] = [0]
Equation: -x1 + 2x2 = 0 → x1 = 2x2
Let x2 = 1 → x1 = 2
Eigenvector: X₁ = [2 1].
Step 2: Finding Eigenvector for λ₂ = 2
(A - 2I) =
[ 2 2]
[ 1 1]
Solve:
[2 2] [x1] = [0]
[1 1] [x2] = [0]
Equation: 2x1 + 2x2 = 0 → x1 = -x2
Let x2 = 1 → x1 = -1
Eigenvector: X₂ = [-1 1].
Final Answer
Eigenvalues:
λ₁ = 5, λ₂ = 2
Eigenvectors:
X₁ = [2 1]
X₂ = [-1 1]

Eigenvectors show the directions in which the


matrix transformation only scales the vector without
changing its direction.
Applications of Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

• PCA (Principal Component Analysis): Used in


machine learning for dimensionality reduction.
• Physics & Engineering: Used in vibration
analysis and stability studies.
• Computer Graphics: Transformations and
image processing.
Eigen values and Eigen Vectors
Given matrix B:
B = [3 1 1]
[1 3 1]
[1 1 3]
• Find its eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Step 1: Compute Characteristic Equation

|B - λI| = 0
|3-λ 1 1|
|1 3-λ 1|
|1 1 3-λ| = 0
Expanding gives:
(3-λ)^3 - 2(3-λ) - 4 = 0
Solving, we get eigenvalues λ₁ = 5, λ₂ = 2, λ₃ = 2.
Step 2: Find Eigenvectors
For each λ, solve (B - λI)X = 0.
For λ₁ = 5:
[-2 1 1] [x1] = [0]
[ 1 -2 1] [x2] = [0]
[ 1 1 -2] [x3] = [0]
Solving, we get eigenvector X₁ = [1 1 1].
For λ₂ = 2 and λ₃ = 2, similar steps give two more
eigenvectors.
Answer for Example 2
Eigenvalues: λ₁ = 5, λ₂ = 2, λ₃ = 2
Eigenvectors:
X₁ = [1 1 1]
X₂ and X₃ can be found similarly.

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