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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

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 OUTLINE
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 What is AI?
 Goals of AI
 Types of AI: Capability and
Functionality
 Approaches to AI
 Foundations of AI
 History of AI
 State-of-the-Art of AI
 Applications of AI 04/08/2025
 WHAT IS AI?
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 Artificial Intelligence is composed of

two words Artificial and Intelligence
 Artificial: Man-made and Intelligence:

Thinking power.
 AI means "a man-made thinking power.“

 Definition of AI According to the

father of Artificial Intelligence, John
McCarthy:
 AI is the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs.
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 Definition of AI According
W3schools:
 AI is a system that can solve a
problem optimally. This means that the
system can figure out alone what is the
best action to take.
 Definition of AI According Wikipedia:

 AI is intelligence demonstrated
by machines, as opposed to natural
intelligence displayed by animals
including humans. 04/08/2025
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 Definition of AI According
Investopedia:
 AI refers to the simulation of human
intelligence in machines that are
programmed to think like humans and
mimic their actions.
 Definition of AI According Britannica:
 AI is the ability of a digital computer or
computer-controlled robot to perform
tasks commonly associated with
intelligent beings. 04/08/2025
THE DEFINITIONS OF AI OUTLINED IN
TEXTBOOKS
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 Some have defined AI in terms of fidelity

to human performance, while others
prefer an abstract, formal definition of
intelligence called rationality.
 The subject matter itself also varies:

 Some consider intelligence to be a

property of internal thought

processes and
reasoning
 While others focus on intelligent
behavior 04/08/2025
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“A”
 ‘The exciting new effort to make
computers think … machines with
minds, in the full and literal sense’
(John Haugeland, 1985)
 ‘The automation of activities that we
associate with human thinking,
activities such as decision-making,
problem solving, learning…’ (Richard
Bellman, 1978) 04/08/2025
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“B”
 ‘The study of mental faculties,
through the use of computational
models’ (Charniak and McDermott,
1985)
 ‘The study of the computations that
make it possible to perceive, reason,
and act’ (Winston, 1992)

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“C”
 ‘The art of creating machines that
perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by
people’ (Kurzweil, 1990)
 ‘The study of how to make
computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better’ (Rich
and Knight, 1991)
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“D”
 ‘A field of study that seeks to
explain, and emulate intelligent
behavior in terms of computational
process’ (Schalkoff, 1990)
 ‘The branch of computer science
that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior’
(Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)
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 The definitions on (A) and (B) are

concerned with reasoning, where as
(C) and (D) address behavior.
 The definitions on (A) and (C)
measure success in terms of human
performance, where as those on (B)
and (D) measure the ideal concept of
intelligence called rationality.
 Note: A system is rational if does the
right thing. 04/08/2025
 APPROACHES TO AI
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“Human vs Rational and Thought vs

Behavior”
 From these two dimensions, there

are 4 possible combinations.

 There have been adherents and
research programs for all four.
1. Acting Humanly: The Turing
Test Approach
 The art of creating machines that
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perform functions requiring
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 i.e., the study of how to make computers

do things which at the moment people
do better.
 Example: The Turing test, was designed
as a thought experiment that would
sidestep the philosophical vagueness of
the question:
“Can a machine think?”
 A human interrogator poses some
written questions for one person and a
computer. 04/08/2025
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 A computer passes the test if a

human interrogator cannot tell
whether the written responses come
from a person or from a computer.
 3 rooms contain: a person, a
computer, and an interrogator.
 The interrogator can communicate
with the other 2 by teletype (to avoid
the machine imitate the appearance
or voice of the person). 04/08/2025
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 The interrogator tries to determine which

is the person and which is the machine.
 The machine tries to fool the interrogator
to believe that it is the human.
 The person also tries to convince the
interrogator that it is human.
 If the machine succeeds in fooling the
interrogator, then conclude that the
machine is intelligent.
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 Programming a computer to pass a

rigorously applied test provides plenty to
work on.
 The computer would need the following
capabilities:
 Natural Language Processing: to
communicate successfully in a human
language.
 Knowledge Representation: to store
what it knows or hears.
 Automated Reasoning: to answer
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questions and to draw new conclusions.
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 Machine Learning: to adapt to new

circumstances and to detect and
extrapolate patterns.
 Turing viewed the physical simulation
of a person as unnecessary to
demonstrate intelligence.
 However, other researchers have
proposed a total Turing test, which
requires interaction with objects and
people in the real world. 04/08/2025
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 To pass the total Turing test, a robot

will need:
 Computer Vision and Speech
Recognition: to perceive the world.
 Robotics: to manipulate objects and
move about.
 These six disciplines compose of AI.
 Goal is to develop systems that are
human-like.
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2. Thinking Humanly: The

Cognitive Modeling Approach
 An exciting new effort to make
computers think.
 i.e. the machines with minds in the full
and literal sense.
 Focus is not just on behavior and I/O,
but looks at reasoning process.
 Computational model as to how
results were obtained. 04/08/2025
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 To say that a program thinks like a

human, we must know how humans
think.
 We can learn about human thought
in 3 ways:
I. Introspection: Trying to catch our own
thoughts as they go by.
II. Psychological Experiment: observing
a person in action.
III. Brain Imaging: observing04/08/2025
the brain in
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 Once we have a sufficiently precise theory

of the mind, it becomes possible to express
the theory as a computer program.
 For example, Newell and Simon, who
developed GPS, were not content merely
to have their program solve problems
correctly.
 They were more concerned with comparing
the sequence and timing of its reasoning
steps to those of human subjects solving
the same problems. 04/08/2025
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 To construct precise and testable

theories of the human, cognitive
science brings two things together to :
 Computer models from AI and
 Experimental techniques from
psychology
 Goal is not just to produce human-like
behavior, but to produce a sequence of
steps of the reasoning process.
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3. Thinking Rationally: The “Laws

of Thought” Approach
 The study of mental faculties through

the use of computational models.

 i.e. the study of the computations that
make it possible to perceive, reason,
and act.
 Focus is on inference mechanisms
that are provably correct and
guarantee an optimal solution.
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 Aristotle was one of the first attempt to codify

“right thinking”, irrefutable reasoning
process.
 His syllogisms provided patterns for
argument structures that always yielded
correct conclusions when given correct
premises.
 Example: “Socrates is a man. All men are
mortal. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.”
 These laws of thought were supposed to
govern the operation of the mind.
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 Their study initiated the field called logic.
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 Goal is to formalize the reasoning

process as a system of logical rules and
procedures for inference.
 The issue is, not all problems can be

solved just by reasoning and inferences.

4. Acting Rationally: The Rational
Agent Approach
 An agent is just something that acts

(agent comes from the Latin Agere, “to

do”). 04/08/2025
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 Tries to explain and emulate intelligent

behavior in terms of computational
processes.
 Focus is on systems that act sufficiently if not

optimally in all situations.

 All computer programs do something, but

computer agents are expected to do more:

 Operate autonomously
 Perceive their environment
 Persist over a prolonged time period
 Adapt to change and
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 Create and pursue goals
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 A rational agent is one that acts so

as to achieve the best outcome or,
when there is uncertainty, the best
expected outcome.
 Goal is to develop systems that are
rational and sufficient.

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 INTELLIGENCE
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 Relate to tasks involving higher

mental processes.
 Examples:
 Creativity, solving problems, patter

recognition, classification, learning,

deduction, building analogies,
optimization, language processing,
knowledge and many more.
 Intelligence is the computational part
of the ability to achieve goals.
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INTELLI DESCRIPTION EXAMPL

GENCE E
Linguist The ability to speak, Narrato
ic recognize, and use r,
intellige mechanisms of Orators
nce phonology, syntax,
and semantics.
Musical The ability to create, Musicia
intellige communicate with, ns,
nce and understand Singers,
meanings made of Compos
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sound, ers
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Logical- The ability of use and Mathemat

mathe understand icians,
matical relationships in the Scientists
intellig absence of action or
ence objects.
Understanding
complex and abstract
ideas.
Spatial The ability to perceive Map
intellig visual or spatial readers,
ence information, change Astronaut
it, and re-create s,
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Bodily- The ability to use Players,

Kinestheti complete or part Dancers
c of the body to
intelligenc solve problems or
e fashion products,
control over fine
and coarse motor
skills, and
manipulate the
objects.
Intra- The ability to Gautam
personal distinguish Buddhha
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Interpers The ability to Mass

onal recognize and Communica
intelligen make tors,
ce distinctions Interviewer
among other s
people’s
 A machinefeelings,
or a system is artificially
beliefs, and
intelligent when it is equipped with
intentions.
at least one and at most all
intelligences in it.
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 The intelligence is intangible.

 It is composed of:

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 INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR
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 Perceiving one’s environment,

 Acting in complex environments,
 Learning and understanding from experience,
 Reasoning to solve problems and discover
hidden knowledge,
 Knowledge applying successfully in new
situations,
 Thinking abstractly, using analogy,
 Communication with others, more like,
 Creativity, Ingenuity, expressive-ness,
curiosity 04/08/2025
 GOALS OF AI
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 Replicate human intelligence

 Solve knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of
perception and action
 Creating some system which can
exhibit intelligent behavior, learn
new things by itself, demonstrate,
explain, and can advise to its user.
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 Building a machine which can

perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem
 Playing chess
 Plan some surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic

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 TYPES OF AI
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 AI
can be divided based on capabilities
and functionalities.

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 AI TYPE-1: BASED ON
38
CAPABILITIES
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI
 It is a type of AI which is able to perform

a dedicated task with intelligence.

 The most common and currently available

AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial

Intelligence.
 It cannot perform beyond its field or

limitations, as it is only trained for one

specific task.
 It can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes
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beyond its limits.
 CONT’D…
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• Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI,

but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
• IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes
under Narrow AI, as it uses an expert
system approach combined with machine
learning and natural language processing.
• Some examples of Narrow AI are playing
chess, purchasing suggestions on e-
commerce site, self-driving cars, speech
recognition, and image recognition.
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 CONT’D…
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2. General AI:
 General AI is a type of intelligence
which could perform any intellectual
task with efficiency like a human.
 Currently, there is no such system
exist which could come under general
AI and can perform any task as perfect
as a human.

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 As systems with general AI are still under

research, and it will take lots of efforts
and time to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
 Super AI is a level of intelligence of

systems at which machines could

surpass human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than human with
cognitive properties. It is an outcome of
general AI.
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 Some key characteristics of strong AI

include capability include the ability to
think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make
judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate by its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept
of Artificial Intelligence. Development
of such systems in real is still world
changing task.
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 AI TYPE-2: BASED ON FUNCTIONALITY

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1. Reactive Machines
 Purely reactive machines are the most

basic types of Artificial Intelligence.

 Such AI systems do not store memories

or past experiences for future actions.

 These machines only focus on current

scenarios and react on it as per

possible best action.
 Deep Blue system and AlphaGo are an

examples of reactive machines.04/08/2025

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2. Limited Memory
 Limited memory machines can store past
experiences or some data for a short
period of time.
 These machines can use stored data for a
limited time period only.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best
examples of limited memory systems.
 These cars can store recent speed of nearby
cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit,
and other information to navigate the road.
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3. Theory of Mind
 It should understand the human
emotions, people, beliefs, and be
able to interact socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines are still not

developed, but researchers are

making lots of efforts and
improvement for developing such AI
machines.
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4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of artificial

intelligence.
 These machines will be super intelligent,

and will have their own consciousness,

sentiments, and self-awareness.
 These machines will be smarter than

human mind.
 Self-awareness AI does not exist in reality

still and it is a hypothetical concept.

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 The disciplines that contributed to ideas,

viewpoints, and techniques to AI are:
 Philosophy
 Mathematics
 Economics
 Neuroscience
 Psychology
 Computer Engineering
 Control theory and cybernetics
 Linguistics
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 THE HISTORY OF AI
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Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-

1952)
 Year 1943:
 The first work which is now recognized as AI
was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pits.
 They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
 Year 1949:
 Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for
modifying the connection strength between
neurons.
 His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
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 Year 1950:
 Alan Turing publishes "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence" in
which he proposed a test.
 The test can check the machine's
ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
equivalent to human intelligence,
called a Turing test.

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The Birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-

1956)
 Year 1955:

 Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the

“first artificial intelligence program” which was
named as "Logic Theorist".
 This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics
theorems, and find new and more elegant
proofs for some theorems.
 Year 1956:

 The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted

by American computer scientist John McCarthy
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at the Dartmouth Conference.
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The Golden Years- Early Enthusiasm

(1956-1974)
 Year 1966:
 The researchers emphasized developing
algorithms which can solve mathematical
problems.
 Joseph Weizenbaum created the first
chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
 Year 1972:

 The first intelligent humanoid robot was

built in Japan which was named as WABOT-

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1.
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The First AI Winter (1974-1980)

 The duration between years 1974 to

1980 was the first AI winter duration.

 AI winter refers to the time period

where computer scientist dealt with

a severe shortage of funding from
government for AI researches.
 During AI winters, an interest of

publicity on artificial intelligence was

decreased.
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A Boom of AI (1980-1987)
 AI came back with "Expert System".
 Expert systems are computer program
that emulate the decision-making ability
of a human expert.
The Second AI Winter (1987-1993)
 Again Investors and government
stopped in funding for AI research as
due to high cost but not efficient result.
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The Emergence of Intelligent Agents

(1993-2011)
 Year 1997:

 IBM Deep Blue beats world chess

champion, Gary Kasparov, and became
the first computer to beat a world chess
champion.
 Year 2002:
 For the first time, AI entered the home in
the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
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 Year 2006:
 AI came in the Business world.
 Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and
Netflix also started using AI.
Deep Learning, Big data and
Artificial General Intelligence (2011-
present)
Year 2011:
 IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show,
where it had to solve the complex
questions as well as riddles.04/08/2025
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 Watson had proved that it could

understand natural language and can
solve tricky questions quickly.
 Year 2012:
 Google has launched an Android app
feature "Google now", which was able to
provide information to the user as a
prediction.
 Year 2014:
 Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a
competition in the infamous04/08/2025
"Turing test."
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 Year 2018:
 The "Project Debater" from IBM
debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed
extremely well.
 Google has demonstrated an AI
program "Duplex" which was a virtual
assistant.

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 THE STATE OF THE ART IN AI
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 Stanford University’s 100 Year Study on AI (AI100)

provides report on the state of the art in AI.
 The report in 2016 concludes that:

 Substantial increases in the future uses of AI

applications, including:
 More self-driving cars
 Healthcare diagnostics and targeted treatment
 Physical assistance for elder care can be expected
 Society is now at a crucial juncture in
determining how to deploy AI-based
technologies in ways that promote rather than
hinder democratic values such as freedom,
equality, and transparency. 04/08/2025
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 AI100 also produces an AI Index at aiindex.org to

help track progress.
 Some highlights from 2021 report:

A) Research and Development:

 The number of AI journal publications grew by
34.5% from 2019 to 2020- a much higher
percentage growth than from 2018 to 2019 (19.6%).
B) AI Education
 The number of courses that teach AI skills on the
undergraduate and graduate levels has
increased by 102.9% and 41.7% respectively, in
the last 4 years. 04/08/2025
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C) Diversity in AI
 In 2019, among new U.S. resident AI PhD

graduates, 45% were white, while 22.4% were

Asian, 3.2% were Hispanic, and 2.4% were African
American.
D) The Economy:
 “Drugs, Cancer, Molecular, Drug Discovery”
received the greatest amount of private AI
investment in 2020, with more than USD 13.8
billion, 4.5 times higher than 2019.
 Brazil, India, Canada, Singapore, and South Africa
are the countries with the highest growth in AI
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hiring from 2016 to 2020.
 APPLICATIONS OF AI
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 Artificial Intelligence has various

applications in today's society.
 It is becoming essential for today's time
because it can solve complex problems with
an efficient way in multiple industries, such
as:
 Healthcare
 Entertainment
 Finance
 Education, etc.
 AI is making our daily life more comfortable
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and fast.
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