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lecture 9

The document discusses single and multithreaded processes, highlighting the benefits of multithreading such as responsiveness and resource sharing. It outlines user and kernel threads, various multithreading models (many-to-one, one-to-one, many-to-many), and threading issues like thread cancellation and signal handling. Additionally, it covers concepts like thread pools and thread-specific data for efficient thread management.

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yushahabib25
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2 views

lecture 9

The document discusses single and multithreaded processes, highlighting the benefits of multithreading such as responsiveness and resource sharing. It outlines user and kernel threads, various multithreading models (many-to-one, one-to-one, many-to-many), and threading issues like thread cancellation and signal handling. Additionally, it covers concepts like thread pools and thread-specific data for efficient thread management.

Uploaded by

yushahabib25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THREADS

Lecture 9
Single and Multithreaded Processes
Benefits
• Responsiveness
• „Resource Sharing
• „Economy
• „Utilization of MP Architectures
User Threads
• Thread management done by user-level threads library
• „Three primary thread libraries:
• POSIX Pthreads
• Win32 threads
• Java threads
Kernel Threads
• Supported by the Kernel
„Examples
• Windows XP/2000
• Solaris
• Linux
• Tru64 UNIX
• Mac OS X
Multithreading Models
• Many-to-One
• „One-to-One
• „Many-to-Many
„Many-to-One
• Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread
„Examples:
Solaris Green Threads
GNU Portable Threads
Many-to-One Model
One-to-One
• Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
„Examples
• Windows NT/XP/2000
• Linux
• Solaris
One-to-one Model
Many-to-Many Model
• Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many
kernel threads
• „Allows the operating system to create a sufficient
number of kernel threads
• „Solaris prior to version 9 „
• Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package
Many-to-Many Model
Threading Issues
• Semantics of fork()and exec()system
• calls „Thread cancellation „
• Signal handling „
• Thread pools „
• Thread specific data
Semantics of fork() and exec()
• Does fork()duplicate only the calling thread or all threads?

Two versions
• One duplicate all threads
• Another duplicates only the thread that invoked the fork
system call.
Thread Cancellation
• Terminating a thread before it has finished „Two general
approaches:
• Asynchronous cancellation terminates the target thread
immediately
• Deferred cancellation allows the target thread to
periodically check if it should be cancelled
Signal Handling
• Signals are used in UNIX systems to notify a process that
a particular event has occurred
• „A signal handler is used to process signals
1.Signal is generated by particular event
2.Signal is delivered to a process
3.Signal is handled „Options:
• Deliver the signal to the thread to which the signal applies
• Deliver the signal to every thread in the process
• Deliver the signal to certain threads in the process
• Assign a specific threat to receive all signals for the
process
Thread Pools
• Create a number of threads in a pool where they await
work
„Advantages:
• Usually slightly faster to service a request with an existing
thread than create a new thread
• Allows the number of threads in the application(s) to be
bound to the size of the pool
Thread Specific Data
• Allows each thread to have its own copy of data
• „Useful when you do not have control over the thread
creation process (i.e., when using a thread pool)

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