Scribd
Upload
2 views

Lecture 2

This lecture introduces the importance of statistics in decision-making across various careers, emphasizing the need for understanding data collection, organization, and analysis. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, explaining concepts such as population, sample, and different sampling methods. The lecture also highlights the challenges of data collection and categorizes data into qualitative and quantitative types.

Uploaded by

fnaimat2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lecture 2

This lecture introduces the importance of statistics in decision-making across various careers, emphasizing the need for understanding data collection, organization, and analysis. It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, explaining concepts such as population, sample, and different sampling methods. The lecture also highlights the challenges of data collection and categorizes data into qualitative and quantitative types.

Uploaded by

fnaimat2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

‫‪Lecture 2‬‬

‫م‪.‬توجان الجغبير‬
Introduction
Introduction To Statistics
Why study statistics?

1. Data are everywhere


2. Statistical techniques are used to make many
decisions that affect our lives
3. No matter what your career, you will make
professional decisions that involve data. An
understanding of statistical methods will help you
make these decisions efectively
Statistics
• The science of collection, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to
assist in making more effective decisions
• Statistical analysis – used to manipulate
summarize, and investigate data, so that
useful decision-making information results.
Types of statistics
• Descriptive statistics – Methods of organizing,
summarizing, and presenting data in an informative
way
• Inferential statistics – The methods used to
determine something about a population on the
basis of a sample
– Population –The entire set of individuals or objects of
interest or the measurements obtained from all
individuals or objects of interest
– Sample – A portion, or part, of the population of interest
Descriptive Statistics

• Collect data
– e.g., Survey

• Present data
– e.g., Tables and graphs

• Summarize data
– e.g., Sample mean =
X i

n
Inferential Statistics
• Estimation
– e.g., Estimate the population
mean weight using the sample
mean weight
• Hypothesis testing
– e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 70 kg

Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making


decisions about a population based on sample results
Population and Sample
• A first step in any study is to develop a clear,
well-defined statement of purpose.
• Example:
a mechanical engineer wants to determine
whether a new additive will increase the
tensile strength of plastic parts produced on
an injection molding machine.
Example
• Purpose: Determine whether a particular
amount of an additive can be found that will
increase the tensile strength of the plastic
parts by at least 10 pounds per square inch.
• Population : 50 specimens with different
amounts of filler.
• Unit : specimen
Characteristic of Interest/Variable
• The characteristic, which could be a
qualitative trait, example :
• Gender …….male / female
• Education degree…….Bachelor / Master /PHD
Variable : if it can be expressed as a number
Ex: Length , Tensile strength
Example
Population Unit Characteristic of
interest/Variable
Engineering Students Student Age
Department
Length
Eye color
Work or not
etc
Sampling
a sample should have the same characteristics
as the population it is representing.
Sampling can be:
• with replacement: a member of the population
may be chosen more than once (picking the
candy from the bowl)
• without replacement: a member of the
population may be chosen only once (lottery
ticket)
Sampling methods
Sampling methods can be:
• random (each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected)
• nonrandom

The actual process of sampling causes sampling


errors. For example, the sample may not be large
enough or representative of the population. Factors not
related to the sampling process cause nonsampling
errors. A defective counting device can cause a
nonsampling error.
Random sampling methods
• simple random sample (each sample of the same size has an
equal chance of being selected)
• stratified sample (divide the population into groups called
strata and then take a sample from each stratum)
• cluster sample (divide the population into strata and then
randomly select some of the strata. All the members from
these strata are in the cluster sample.)
• systematic sample (randomly select a starting point and take
every n-th piece of data from a listing of the population)
Statistical data
The collection of data that are relevant to the problem
being studied is commonly the most difficult, expensive,
and time-consuming part of the entire research project.
Statistical data are usually obtained by counting or
measuring items.
Primary data are collected specifically for the analysis desired
Secondary data have already been compiled and are available for
statistical analysis
A variable is an item of interest that can take on many
different numerical values.
A constant has a fixed numerical value.
Data
Statistical data are usually obtained by counting or
measuring items. Most data can be put into the
following categories:
• Qualitative - data are measurements that each fail
into one of several categories. (hair color, ethnic
groups and other attributes of the population)
• quantitative - data are observations that are
measured on a numerical scale (distance traveled
to college, number of children in a family, etc.)
•Thank You

You might also like